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Detetion and Prevention of Irrelevent Data Through Data Cleansing

Published online https://doi.org/

Abstract

A file oriented unstructured data collected and transformed into the data warehouse .Two or more records identified separately actually represent same real world entity, detection and prevention to improve data quality. The proposed technique introduces smart tokens of most representative attributes by sorting those tokens identical records are bring into close neighborhood, record duplicates are identified and removed from the data. Clean consistent and non duplicated data loaded into warehouse. The technique is a mile stone for cleaning data as with the explosive amount of data recording it is the need of time that more corrected data to be provided to the data mangers for effective decisions making.

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Current Issue - 2024

Analyzing the Efficiency of CZTSSe Solar Cell With Three Different ETMs

Vol. 11, Issue 09, PP. 153-159, September 2024

Published online https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.24.1109153159

ePub PDF

Abstract

Fossil fuels supply about 85% of global energy but are nonrenewable and harmful to health and the environment. Solar cells (SC) convert solar power to electricity, and due to their ubiquity, low cost, ecological benefits, and rapid production, they have seen significant growth in research. Solar cells are categorized into four groups, each with unique components and benefits. First-generation silicon panels dominated for over 30 years but are declining due to high production costs and energy waste. CZTSSe is a promising third-generation material, offering abundance, low cost, non-toxicity, and efficiency compared to cadmium telluride (CdTe). With a high absorption coefficient and ideal semiconductor structure, CZTSSe shows potential as a novel photovoltaic material, achieving efficiencies up to 12.6%. The SCAPS 1-D modeling tool helps researchers optimize solar cell efficiency by simulating various structures. The study reveals that different ETMs significantly impact CZTSSe solar cell performance, with PCEs of 7.65% and 6.79% using n-CdS and n-ZnSe, respectively. In contrast, using n-TiO2 reduced PCE to 4.37%.

Author

Liaqat Khan, Adnan Daud

Cite

Liaqat Khan, Adnan Duad “Analyzing the Efficiency of CZTSSe Solar Cell With Three Different ETMs” Internati, Vol. 11, Issue 09, PP. 153-159, September 2024. https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.24.1109153159., ,

References

[1] G. Altamura, “Development of CZTSSe thin films based solar cells’’,” p. 150.

[2] Jamil, I.; Lucheng, H.; Iqbal, S.; Aurangzaib, M.; Jamil, R.; Kotb, H.; Alkuhayli, A.; AboRas, K.M. Predictive Evaluation of Solar Energy Variables for a Large-Scale Solar Power Plant Based on Triple Deep Learning Forecast Models. Alex. Eng. J. 2023, 76, 51–73.

[3] I. D. Olekseyuk, I. V. Dudchak, and L. V. Piskach, “Phase equilibria in the Cu2S–ZnS–SnS2 system,” J. Alloys Compd., vol. 368, no. 1, pp. 135–143, 2004, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2003.08.084.

[4] S. Ikeda, “Copper-based kesterite thin films for photoelectrochemical water splitting,” High Temp. Mater. Process., vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 446–460, Dec. 2021, doi: 10.1515/htmp-2021-0050.

[5] R. Triboulet and P. Siffert, Eds., “Chapter I - Crystal Growth and Surfaces,” in CdTe and Related Compounds; Physics, Defects, Hetero- and Nano-structures, Crystal Growth, Surfaces and Applications, in European Materials Research Society Series. , Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2010, pp. 1–144. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-096513-0.00001-7.

[6] H. Katagiri, N. Sasaguchi, S. Hando, S. Hoshino, J. Ohashi, and T. Yokota, “Preparation and evaluation of Cu2ZnSnS4 thin films by sulfurization of EB evaporated precursors,” Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, vol. 49, no. 1–4, pp. 407–414, Dec. 1997, doi: 10.1016/S0927-0248(97)00119-0.

[7] H. Katagiri et al., “Development of CZTS-based thin film solar cells,” Thin Solid Films, vol. 517, no. 7, pp. 2455–2460, Feb. 2009, doi: 10.1016/j.tsf.2008.11.002.

[8] A. Weber et al., “Texture inheritance in thin-film growth of Cu2ZnSnS4,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 95, no. 4, p. 041904, Jul. 2009, doi: 10.1063/1.3192357.

[9] X. Song, X. Ji, M. Li, W. Lin, X. Luo, and H. Zhang, “A Review on Development Prospect of CZTS Based Thin Film Solar Cells,” Int. J. Photoenergy, vol. 2014, p. 613173, May 2014, doi: 10.1155/2014/613173.

[10] T. Yamaguchi, K. Tsujita, S. Niiyama, and T. Imanishi, “Preparation of High Ga Content Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Thin Films by Sequential Evaporation Process Added In2S3,” Adv. Mater. Phys. Chem., vol. 02, no. 04, pp. 106–109, 2012, doi: 10.4236/ampc.2012.24B029.

[11] X.-H. Tan, Y. Chen, and Y.-X. Liu, “Silver nanowire composite thin films as transparent electrodes for Cu(In,Ga)Se2/ZnS thin film solar cells,” Appl Opt, vol. 53, no. 15, pp. 3273–3277, May 2014, doi: 10.1364/AO.53.003273.

[12] G. Altamura, “Development of CZTSSe thin films based solar cells’’”.

[13] J.-S. Kim, J.-K. Kang, and D.-K. Hwang, “High efficiency bifacial Cu 2 ZnSnSe 4 thin-film solar cells on transparent conducting oxide glass substrates,” APL Mater., vol. 4, no. 9, p. 096101, Sep. 2016, doi: 10.1063/1.4962145.

[14] G. Turgut and E. Sonmez, “A Study of Pb-Doping Effect on Structural, Optical, and Morphological Properties of ZnO Thin Films Deposited by Sol–Gel Spin Coating,” Metall. Mater. Trans. A, vol. 45, Jul. 2014, doi: 10.1007/s11661-014-2281-6

Improvement in Current Density Distribution of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell

Vol. 11, Issue 08, PP. 146-152 August 2024

Published online https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.24.1108146152

ePub PDF

Abstract

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are a promising technology for clean and efficient electricity generation. However, their performance is intricately linked to various physical and chemical processes. This study employs COMSOL Multiphysics 6.3 simulation software to examine the impact of electrode kinetics on SOFC performance. The simulation covers electrode kinetics, activation overpotential, ohmic losses, and mass transport, offering key insights into SOFC behavior. Critical parameters, including electrode potential, electrolyte potential, and current density, are analyzed to identify optimization opportunities, particularly in controlling current density distribution and enhancing the H2 mole fraction on the anode surface. The findings underscore the significant influence of electrode kinetics and activation overpotential on SOFC performance, guiding the design and optimization of these fuel cells for sustainable energy solutions.

Author

Muhammad Usama, Adnan Daud

Cite

Muhammad Usama, Adnan Daud “Improvement in Current Density Distribution of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell” Internationa, Vol. 11, Issue 08, PP. 146-152, August 2024. https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.24.1108146152., ,

References

[1] Martins F, Felgueiras C, Smitkova M, Caetano N., 2019, Analysis of fossil fuel energy consumption and environmental impacts in European countries, Energies, 12, 964-972.

[2] International Standard IEC 60076, "Power transformers", First edition, (1997).

[3] Roth, W & Benz, J & Ortiz, B & Sauer, Dirk Uwe & Steinhüser, A. (2003). Fuel cells in photovoltaic hybrid systems for stand-alone power Supplies. 2nd European PV Hybrid and Mini-Grid Conference, Kassel.

[4] BP. Statistical Review of World Energy; BP: London, UK, 2017.[Google Scholar]

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[6] Xiurong Fang, Jiang Zhu, and Zijing Lin, 2018, Effects of Electrode Composition and Thickness on the Mechanical Performance of a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell, Energies, 11, 7, 1735.

[7] Haoran Xua, Bin Chena, Peng Tana, and Weizi Caia, 2018, Modeling of all porous solid oxide fuel cells, Applied Energy, 219, 105-113.

[8] S.Masciandaro, M.Torrell, and P.Leone, 2017, Three-dimensional printed yttria-stabilized zirconia self-supported

[9] electrolytes for solid oxide fuel cell applications, Journal of European Ceramic Society, 39, 1, 9-16.

Costa, Paula, Filomena Pinto, Rui Neto André, and Paula Marques. 2021. "Integration of Gasification and Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) for Combined Heat and Power (CHP)" Processes 9, no. 2: 254.

Optimal Combination and Sizing for Standalone System for Remote Areas of Balochistan

Vol. 11, Issue 08, PP. 138-145, August 2024

Published online https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.24.1108138145

ePub PDF

Abstract

Pakistan faces significant energy challenges, particularly in remote areas of Baluchistan, despite abundant renewable resources. This study evaluates the techno-economic viability of hybrid renewable systems for two locations in Baluchistan: Jiwani and Sibi. Using Homer Pro Software, we model and optimize various hybrid configurations combining solar, wind, and conventional energy sources for both on-grid and off-grid scenarios. The study aims to provide electricity to these sites at lower costs than current rates. Homer Pro simulates multiple load-satisfying solutions, employing two algorithms to compute the lowest feasible cost. The software analyzes system performance over time, providing outputs including Cost of Electricity (COE), Net Present Cost, Operating Cost, annual energy production and consumption, excess electricity, losses, and model lifetime. Results indicate that hybrid systems offer the most reliable and cost-effective solutions for remote areas without access to transmission lines. The most feasible solutions for each site are selected based on these outputs, demonstrating the potential of renewable hybrid systems to address Pakistan energy crisis in remote regions.

Author

Ibad Ullah, Faizullah, Abdul Majid Khan

Cite

References

[1] Samad, Hussain A., and Fan Zhang. "Electrification and household welfare: evidence from Pakistan." World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 8582 (2018).

[2] M. T. Masood, F. J. I. J. o. B. Shah, and Management, "Dilemma of third world countries-problems facing pakistan energy crisis a case-in-point," vol. 7, no. 5, p. 231, 2012.

[3] Pakistan economic survey (2019-2020)

[4] Baloch, Mazhar H., Ghulam S. Kaloi, and Zubair A. Memon. "Current scenario of the wind energy in Pakistan challenges and future perspectives: A case study." Energy Reports 2 (2016): 201-210.

[5] Adnan, Shahzada, et al. "Solar energy potential in Pakistan." Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy 4.3 (2012): 032701.

[6] Jahid, A., et al. (2019). "Toward energy efficiency aware renewable energy management in green cellular networks with joint coordination." IEEE Access 7: 75782-75797

[7] Kaabeche, A., et al. (2011). "Sizing optimization of grid-independent hybrid photovoltaic/wind power generation system." Energy 36(2): 1214-1222.

[8] Sen, R. and S. C. Bhattacharyya (2014). "Off-grid electricity generation with renewable energy technologies in India: An application of HOMER." Renewable energy 62: 388-398.

[9] Munuswamy, S., et al. (2011). "Comparing the cost of electricity sourced from a fuel cell-based renewable energy system and the national grid to electrify a rural health centre in India: A case study." Renewable energy 36(11): 2978-2983.

[10] Bhatt, A., et al. (2016). "Feasibility and sensitivity analysis of an off-grid micro hydro–photovoltaic–biomass and biogas–diesel–battery hybrid energy system for a remote area in Uttarakhand state, India." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 61: 53-69

Assessing the Feasibility and Techno-economic potential of Residential Solar Water Heating System in Hayatabad, a Township in Peshawar, Pakistan

Vol. 11, Issue 07, PP. 124-137, July 2024

Published online https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.24.1107124137

ePub PDF

Abstract

Solar water heating technology is one of the cost-effective ways of heating water in domestic as well as commercial and industrial sectors. The use of Solar Water Heating (SWH) systems is motivated by the desire to reduce the conventional energy consumption (fossil fuels) and especially to reduce a major source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The purposes of the present paper consist in: assessing the solar potential; analysing the possibility of using solar energy to heat water for residential applications in Pakistan; investigating the economic potential of SWH systems; and their contribution to saving energy and reducing CO2 emissions. SWH installations and economic analysis of the proposed model was done by using System Advisor Model (SAM) software tool for Renewable Energy (RE) projects analysis. An empirical model is used for estimating the CO2 reductions due to SWH system implementation by replacing conventional water heating system. The result showed that if a SWH system replaces electricity, it can save 3741 KWh of electrical energy, similarly, by replacing natural gas, it can save 12.7549 MMBTU and reduces 1982.73 kg of CO2, 1.87 kg of SO2 as well as 3.37 kg of NOx. The annual mitigations of GHGs emissions by a single residential SWH system installation are also estimated for coal and crude oil used for electricity production in the country. This research also surveyed different single-family households in the study area with installed SWH system for real time observation and analysis.

Author

Attiq Ullah, Muhammad Nasir Khan, Abdul Aleem, Nadeem ur Rehman, Kiran Asif Shah

Cite

Attiq Ullah, Muhammad Nasir Khan, Abdul Aleem, Nadeem ur Rehman, Kiran Asif Shah “Assessing the Feasibility and Techno-economic potential of Residential Solar Wat, a Township in Peshawar, Pakistan” International Journal of Engineering Works, Vol. 11, Issue 07, PP. 124-137, July 2024. https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.24.1107124137.,

References

[1] Alayi R, Shamel A, Kasaeian A et al. The role of biogas to sustainable development (aspects environmental, security and economic). J Chem Pharm Res 2016;8:112–8.

[2] Alayi R, Kasaeian A, Atabi F. Thermal analysis of parabolic trough concentration photovoltaic/thermal system for using in buildings. Environ Prog Sustain Energy 2019;38:13220.

[3] Zhang N, Lior N, Jin H. The energy situation and its sustainable development strategy in China. Energy 2011;36:3639–49.

[4] A. Håkansson et al. (Eds.): Sustainability in Energy and Buildings, 2013, SIST 22, pp. 787–796. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-36645-1_70

[5] M. Kumar, “Social, Economic, and Environmental Impacts of Renewable Energy Resources,” Wind Sol. Hybrid Renew. Energy Syst. [Working Title], pp. 1–19, 2020, doi: 10.5772/intechopen.89494.

[6] Dehghan, M.; Pfeiffer, C.F.; Rakhshani, E.; Bakhshi-Jafarabadi, R. A Review on Techno-Economic Assessment of Solar Water Heating Systems in the Middle East. Energies 2021, 14, 4944. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/en14164944

[7] Sadhishkumar, S.; Balusamy, T. Performance improvement in solar water heating systems—A review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2014, 37, 191–198.

[8] Majdi, H.; Nabiha, N.; Issam, A.; Abdelhamid, F. Solar water heating systems feasibility for domestic requests in Tunisia: Thermal potential and economic analysis. Energy Convers. Manag. 2013, 76, 599–608.

[9] Vanessa, M.T.B.; Racine, T.A.P. Reduction of carbon dioxide emissions by solar water heating systems and passive technologies in social housing. Energy Policy 2015, 83, 138–150.

[10] Zhang, L.; Xia, J.; Thorsen, J.E.; Gudmundsson, O.; Li, H.; Svendsen, S. Technical, economic and environmental investigation of using district heating to prepare domestic hot water in Chinese multi-storey buildings. Energy 2016, 116, 281–292.

Techno-Economic Evaluation of Hybrid Off-Grid Renewable Energy System

Vol. 11, Issue 06, PP. 111-123, June 2024

Published online https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.24.1106111123

ePub PDF

Abstract

With the increase in globalization and population there is an increase in the supply and demand gap in the electricity sector. This gap is increasing day by day and expected to be considerably more in the foreseeable future. The conventional sources used for generation of electricity are depleting and hazardous to environment. Third world countries such as Pakistan are facing a huge problem to lessen the demand and supply gap. There is need to find an alternative that can provide remedy for this alarming situation. Solar renewable energy and biogas are the two sources that are available in abundance in this part of the world which can be used for good effects. Solar renewable energy is relatively new and is adequate to provide electrical energy to the entire world. Pakistan is one of the luckiest countries in the world where sun has the highest numbers of radiations hence lots of solar energy potential. Major components of solar PV system comprise of solar panels, inverters, charge controller, cables and batteries. It is very easy to install and can be upgraded based on the change in the load demand. Bio gas has also lots of potential in this part of the world. This research is focused on the making a system that is economically and environmentally feasible to tackle the load shedding problems in the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Peshawar is selected for this research study and Homer is software used for simulation. Results generated from Homer shows that there is a considerable advantage of using a mix of solar renewable energy system, batteries, bio gas plant along with generator to turn the gas produced into electrical energy. There is also a section on the environmental benefits of renewable energy system and according to simulations obtained from Homer the mixture of solar energy and bio gas is much more environmental friendly than the conventional sources.

Author

Muhammad Naeem, Zohaib Rehman

Cite

Muhammad Naeem, Zohaib Rehman, “Techno-Economic Evaluation of Hybrid Off-Grid Renewable Energy System” International Journal , Vol. 11, Issue 06, PP. 111-123, June 2024. https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.24.1106111123., ,

References

[1] Nardo, M., Forino, D. and Murino, T., 2020. The evolution of man–machine interaction: The role of human in Industry 4.0 paradigm. Production & manufacturing research, 8(1), pp.20-34.

[2] Khan, M.A. and Qayyum, A., 2009. The demand for electricity in Pakistan. OPEC Energy Review, 33(1), pp.70-96.

[3] Amsden, A.H., 2009. Escape from empire: the developing world journey through heaven and hell. mit Press.

[4] Hameer, S. and van Niekerk, J.L., 2015. A review of large‐scale electrical energy storage. International journal of energy research, 39(9), pp.1179-1195.

[5] Chen, C.J., 2011. Physics of solar energy. John Wiley & Sons.

[6] Devabhaktuni, V., Alam, M., Depuru, S.S.S.R., Green II, R.C., Nims, D. and Near, C., 2013. Solar energy: Trends and enabling technologies. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 19, pp.555-564.

[7] Valasai, G.D., Uqaili, M.A., Memon, H.R., Samoo, S.R., Mirjat, N.H. and Harijan, K., 2017. Overcoming electricity crisis in Pakistan: A review of sustainable electricity options. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 72, pp.734-745.

[8] Bakht, M.P., Salam, Z., Bhatti, A.R., Ullah Sheikh, U., Khan, N. and Anjum, W., 2022. Techno-economic modelling of hybrid energy system to overcome the load shedding problem: A case study of Pakistan. PloS one, 17(4), p.e0266660.

[9] Katiraei, F. and Agüero, J.R., 2011. Solar PV integration challenges. IEEE power and energy magazine, 9(3), pp.62-71.

[10] Meah, K., Fletcher, S. and Ula, S., 2008. Solar photovoltaic water pumping for remote locations. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 12(2), pp.472-487.

Study of the Impact of Cerium Addition on the Microstructure and Properties of Tin- Silver (Sn-3.5Ag) Solder Alloy

Vol. 11, Issue 05, PP. 105-110, May 2024

Published online https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.24.1105105110

ePub PDF

Abstract

Solders have a vast potential market and are involved in almost every manufacturing and engineering process, such as electronic circuit boards, automobile repair processes, and pipeline soldering. Lead-free solder alloy in the form of Tin-Silver Sn-3.5Ag is considered an excellent alternative to conventional Tin-Lead solder because of its good mechanical properties and less harmful environmental effects. However, some problems, like the formation of large intermetallic compounds associated with Sn-3.5Ag, need high attention. Hence, the growth of intermetallic compounds in the tin matrix is enhanced further at high temperatures; therefore, its effect on the mechanical properties becomes more substantial. Scanning electron microscopy was used to examine the microstructure of intermetallic compound particles. The elemental composition was confirmed using an energy-dispersive X-ray. The results were analyzed to study the effects of adding cerium in different compositions to Sn-3.5Ag, including its effect on making the microstructure more refined and coarser regarding IMCs existence and subsequent effects on mechanical properties. To overcome this problem, this study examines rare earth elements like cerium doping (0.1, 0.3, and 0.6) wt.% into Sn-3.5Ag to study the microstructure and subsequent mechanical properties. The study includes the examination of the microstructure and mechanical properties of novel alloys, namely Sn-3.5Ag, Sn-3.5Ag-0.1Ce, Sn-3.5Ag-0.3Ce, and Sn-3.5Ag-0.6Ce, to ensure the requirement for a green environment and make electronic materials, products, and processes as environmentally benign as possible.

Author

Sharafat Ali, Muhammad Sadiq, Muhammad Arif, Fawad Haider Khan

Cite

Sharafat Ali, Muhammad Sadiq, Muhammad Arif, Fawad Haider Khan “Study of the Impact of Cerium Addition on the Microstructure and Properties of Tin- Silver (Sn-3.5Ag) Solder Alloy, Vol. 11, Issue 05, PP. 105-110, May 2024. https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.24.1105105110., ,

References

1] M. Sona and K. Prabhu, "Review on microstructure evolution in Sn–Ag–Cu solders and its effect on mechanical integrity of solder joints," Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, vol. 24, no. 9, pp. 3149-3169, 2013.

[2] M. Aamir, R. Muhammad, M. Tolouei-Rad, K. Giasin, and V. V. Silberschmidt, "A review: microstructure and properties of tin-silver-copper lead-free solder series for the applications of electronics," Soldering & Surface Mount Technology, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 115-126, 2020, doi: 10.1108/SSMT-11-2018-0046.

[3] U. Ali, H. Khan, M. Aamir, K. Giasin, N. Habib, and M. Owais Awan, "Analysis of microstructure and mechanical properties of bismuth-doped SAC305 lead-free solder alloy at high temperature," Metals, vol. 11, no. 7, p. 1077, 2021.

[4] T. Yasmin and M. Sadiq, "Impact Of Lanthanum Doping on SAC305 Lead Free Solders for High Temperature Applications," Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences (JEAS), University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 29-36, 2014-06-29 2014, doi: 10.25211/jeas.v33i1.197.

[5] H. Ma and J. C. Suhling, "A review of mechanical properties of lead-free solders for electronic packaging," Journal of materials science, vol. 44, no. 5, pp. 1141-1158, 2009.

[6] M. Aamir, M. Tolouei-Rad, I. U. Din, K. Giasin, and A. Vafadar, "Performance of SAC305 and SAC305-0.4La lead free electronic solders at high temperature," Soldering & Surface Mount Technology, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 250-260, 2019, doi: 10.1108/SSMT-01-2019-0001.

[7] M. Aamir, R. Muhammad, N. Ahmed, and M. Waqas, "Impact of thermal aging on the intermetallic compound particle size and mechanical properties of lead free solder for green electronics," Microelectronics Reliability, vol. 78, pp. 311-318, 2017/11/01/ 2017, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microrel.2017.09.022.

[8] H.-T. Lee, Y.-F. Chen, T.-F. Hong, and Y.-J. Huang, "Influence of lanthanum addition on microstructure and properties of Sn-3.5 Ag solder system," in 2008 International Conference on Electronic Materials and Packaging, 2008: IEEE, pp. 183-186.

[9] M. Pei and J. Qu, "Creep and fatigue behavior of SnAg solders with lanthanum doping," IEEE Transactions on Components and Packaging Technologies, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 712-718, 2008.

[10] M. Pei and J. Qu, "Effect of lanthanum doping on the microstructure of tin-silver solder alloys," Journal of Electronic Materials, vol. 37, pp. 331-338, 2008.

[11] F. Sagheer, M. Aamir, and M. Sadiq, "Mechanical properties of Sn-3.5Ag-0.5La lead-free solder alloy for green electronics," in 2021 Seventh International Conference on Aerospace Science and Engineering (ICASE), 14-16 Dec. 2021 2021, pp. 1-4, doi: 10.1109/ICASE54940.2021.9904081.

[12] R. M. Shalaby, "Development of holmium doped eutectic Sn-Ag lead-free solder for electronic packaging," Soldering & Surface Mount Technology, vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 277-286, 2022.

[13] M. Drienovsky et al., "Influence of cerium addition on microstructure and properties of Sn–Cu–(Ag) solder alloys," Materials Science and Engineering: A, vol. 623, pp. 83-91, 2015/01/19/ 2015, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2014.11.033.

[14] X. Tu, D. Yi, J. Wu, and B. Wang, "Influence of Ce addition on Sn-3.0 Ag-0.5 Cu solder joints: Thermal behavior, microstructure and mechanical properties," Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol. 698, pp. 317-328, 2017.

[15] I. Muhammad Aamir, Muhammad Waqas, Muhammad Iqbal, Muhammad Imran Hanif, Riaz Muhammad,, "Fuzzy logic approach for investigation of microstructure and mechanical properties of Sn96.5-Ag3.0-Cu0.5 lead free solder alloy," Soldering & Surface Mount Technology, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 191-198, 2017, doi: doi:10.1108/SSMT-02-2017-0005.

[16] R. Muhammad and U. Ali, "Optimized cerium addition for microstructure and mechanical properties of SAC305," Soldering & Surface Mount Technology, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 197-205, 2021.

[17] M. Sadiq, R. Pesci, and M. Cherkaoui, "Impact of thermal aging on the microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of lanthanum-doped tin-silver-copper lead-free solders," Journal of electronic materials, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 492-501, 2013.

[18] T. Yasmin, M. Sadiq, and M. Khan, "Effect of Lanthanum Doping on the Microstructure Evolution and Intermetallic Compound (IMC) Growth during Thermal Aging of SAC305 Solder Alloy," J Material Sci Eng, vol. 3, no. 141, pp. 2169-0022.1000141, 2014.

[19] B. Ali, "Advancement in microstructure and mechanical properties of lanthanum-doped tin-silver-copper lead free solders by optimizing the lanthanum doping concentration," Soldering & Surface Mount Technology, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 69-75, 2015.

[20] Y. Shi, J. Tian, H. Hao, Z. Xia, Y. Lei, and F. Guo, "Effects of small amount addition of rare earth Er on microstructure and property of SnAgCu solder," Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol. 453, no. 1, pp. 180-184, 2008/04/03/ 2008, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2006.11.165.

[21] L. Gao, S. Xue, L. Zhang, Z. Sheng, G. Zeng, and F. Ji, "Effects of trace rare earth Nd addition on microstructure and properties of SnAgCu solder," Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, vol. 21, no. 7, pp. 643-648, 2010.

[22] L. Gao et al., "Effect of praseodymium on the microstructure and properties of Sn3. 8Ag0. 7Cu solder," Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, vol. 21, no. 9, pp. 910-916, 2010.

[23] L. Zhang, X.-y. Fan, Y.-h. Guo, and C.-w. He, "Properties enhancement of SnAgCu solders containing rare earth Yb," Materials & Design, vol. 57, pp. 646-651, 2014.

[24] L. Zhang, C.-w. He, Y.-h. Guo, J.-g. Han, Y.-w. Zhang, and X.-y. Wang, "Development of SnAg-based lead free solders in electronics packaging," Microelectronics Reliability, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 559-578, 2012/03/01/ 2012, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microrel.2011.10.006.

[25] J.-X. Wang et al., "Effects of rare earth Ce on microstructures, solderability of Sn–Ag–Cu and Sn–Cu–Ni solders as well as mechanical properties of soldered joints," Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol. 467, no. 1, pp. 219-226, 2009/01/07/ 2009, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2007.12.033.

[26] H. X. Xie and N. Chawla, "Mechanical shock behavior of Sn–3.9Ag–0.7Cu and Sn–3.9Ag–0.7Cu–0.5Ce solder joints," Microelectronics Reliability, vol. 53, no. 5, pp. 733-740, 2013/05/01/ 2013, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microrel.2012.12.010.

Polymer Composite Materials for Electromagnetic Waves Absorption

Vol. 11, Issue 04, PP. 61-104, April 2024

Published online https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.24.110461104

ePub PDF

Abstract

Electromagnetic wave absorption materials play a vital role in the medical materials field. On the other hand, due to the various adverse effects on humans and other species by military applications and environmental factors, electromagnetic pollution management and interference of electromagnetic have received much attention recently. Specifically, EM-wave absorbers (EMWAs) could minimize the Radar Signature of Structures (RCS), hence decreasing the likelihood of radar detection. The interaction of electromagnetic (EM) waves of various sources can cause machine malfunction owing to data misinterpretation or accidental deletion. Because of the thickness and weight constraints, structural materials that are both light and strong, improved possibilities for electromagnetic absorption are required. In this work, the progression, characterization, and process technology of polymer composite materials used in EMI shielding or EM wave absorption applications were sought. Characterization of EM wave absorption potential was conducted using all the methods and theories. Single and multilayered combinations of surface-modified polymers, EM wave interaction features, and design ideas for efficient broadband EM wave absorption were studied. Polymer composite materials have been reviewed for the past 10 years in overseas and domestic(China) articles. To anticipate EM wave transmission, reflection, and therefore absorption, a computer-aided method has also been presented. Estimated results were verified and compared by reviewing process methods and material performance analysis.

Author

W. H. Nishani De Soyza, Alfadil Yousif, Junliang Liu

Cite

W. H. Nishani De Soyza, Alfadil Yousif, Junliang Liu “Polymer Composite Materials for Electromagnetic Waves Absorption” International , Vol. 11, Issue 04, PP. 61-104, April 2024. https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.24.110461104.

References

The Impact of Systematic & Non-Systematic Risk on Stock Returns (Oil & Gas Sector) in Pakistan

Vol. 11, Issue 04, PP. 56-60, April 2024

Published online https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.24.11045660

ePub PDF

Abstract

The research purpose is to examine the impact of Systematic and non-Systematic risk on stock returns (Oil & Gas Sector) in Pakistan. The research design is based on quantitative and longitudinal research in which Secondary data is used to determine the cause and effect of the Systematic and non-Systematic risk on stock returns (Oil & Gas Sector). There were interest rate risk, inflation risk, liquidity risk and credit risk that considered panel least square methodology to examine top 10 companies (listed in KSE-100 Index) data ranging from 2013-2019 in which only privately owned companies were taken which had the same size of business in nature. With respect to the category of the privately owned scheduled commercial oil and gas industries operating in Pakistan. The findings explained that deposits do not have any significant impact upon Stock Return whereas rest of variables interest rate risk, inflation risk, liquidity risk and credit risk were found significant. Top two systematical private commercial companies in Pakistan (KSE-100 Index) are consider in this study, future research can be carried out on large sample size. Although, to avoid uncertainty OGDCL needs to provide deposit stock return on the bases of risk either systematic or non-systematic. Profitability is significant to stock in this study, so policy makers and senior managers need to have systematic risk management strategies in the operations of the company limited. Company Size has been found significant to stock return in this study, so policy makers and C.E.O need to maintain higher stock return by ensuring and creating customer relationships with depositors and investors to attract more returns in terms of profits.

Author

Rehman Ullah, Rehman Akhtar

Cite

Rehman Ullah, Rehman Akhtar “The Impact of Systematic & Non-Systematic Risk on Stock Returns (Oil & Gas Sector), Vol. 11, Issue 04, PP. 56-60, April 2024. https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.24.11045660.,

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