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Detetion and Prevention of Irrelevent Data Through Data Cleansing

Published online https://doi.org/

Abstract

A file oriented unstructured data collected and transformed into the data warehouse .Two or more records identified separately actually represent same real world entity, detection and prevention to improve data quality. The proposed technique introduces smart tokens of most representative attributes by sorting those tokens identical records are bring into close neighborhood, record duplicates are identified and removed from the data. Clean consistent and non duplicated data loaded into warehouse. The technique is a mile stone for cleaning data as with the explosive amount of data recording it is the need of time that more corrected data to be provided to the data mangers for effective decisions making.

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Current Issue - 2025

Energy Efficiency in Pakistan Industrial Sector: An analysis of Key Barriers

Vol. 12, Issue 06, PP. 117-125, June 2025

Published online https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.25.1206117125

ePub PDF

Abstract

The prevalent energy crisis in Pakistan has affected people and systems in every aspect of the life for the past decade, impacting the economic growth the most of all. The main driver of this slump in economic growth has been the inefficient utilization of the energy resources, further exacerbated by the blunders in decision-making and policy formulation in the uppermost echelons of the country. Energy conservation and efficiency is extensively used to cope with energy crisis that the current world is facing as a powerful tool for addressing the global energy situation. There are different methods of energy efficiency management that can bring positive change i.e. reduce cost at different levels if executed correctly such as increasing energy security or by carrying out different measures to reduce carbon emissions to environment etc. Despite the fact that different energy efficiency management systems are gaining attention in the developed countries, their adoption in underdeveloped countries remains limited, particularly in Pakistan. Pakistan is now experiencing energy crisis, which entails a slew of complicated issues, all of which may be rectified by implementing an energy efficiency management system, if applied to the energy-intensive economy. This research was conducted to explore the different barriers to implementing Energy Management System in different industries across Pakistan. This research is relies on data collected through detailed questionnaire from the industries that participated in an incentive program funded by UNIDO for conducting free energy audits. 20 industries participated in the study. Regression and Pearson correlation analysis are used to study how different parameters create barriers to implementing Energy Management System in industries in Pakistan.

Author

Jawad Ahmad, Ahmer Ali, Sheraz Khan

Cite

Jawad Ahmad, Ahmer Ali, Sheraz Khan, “Energy Efficiency in Pakistan Industrial Sector: An analysis of Key Barriers” International J, Vol. 12, Issue 06, PP. 117-125, May 2025. https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.25.1206117125., ,

References

[1] Hye, Q.M.; Riaz, S. Causality between Energy Consumption and Economic Growth: The Case of Pakistan.

Lahore J. Econ. 2008, 13, 45–58.

[2] Ahmed, M.; Azam, M. Causal nexus between energy consumption and economic growth for high, middle and low income countries using frequency domain analysis. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2016, 60, 653–678.

[3] Siddiqui, R.; Jalil, H.H.; Nasir, M.; Malik, W.S.; Khalid, M. The Cost of Unserved Energy: Evidence from Selected Industrial Cities of Pakistan. Pakistan Dev. Rev. 2008, 47, 227–246.

[4] Ahmed, M.; Riaz, K.; Khan, A.; Bibi, S. Energy consumption–economic growth nexus for Pakistan: Taming the untamed. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2015, 52, 890–896.

[5] Policy Review and Recommendations on the Promotion of Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency; Project Report; United Nations Industrial Development Organization: Islamabad, Pakistan, 2016.

[6] Sabir, U.; Ariwa, E.; Taylor, A. Green technology and energy management systems in developing countries: A case study of Pakistan Textile Industry. In Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Innovative Computing Technology (INTECH 2013), London, UK, 29–31 August 2013; pp. 449–451.

[7] Akhtar, M.; Qamar, A.; Farooq, M.; Amjad, M.; Asim, M. Development of an effective energy management system in power plants of Pakistan. Fac. Eng. Technol. 2016, 23, 77–87

[8] Zeb, K.; Ali, S.; Khan, B.; Mehmood, C.; Tareen, N.; Din, W.; Farid, U.; Haider, A. A survey on waste heat recovery: Electric power generation and potential prospects within Pakistan. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2017, 75, 1142–1155.

[9] IEA. 2014. Capturing the multiple benefits of energy efficiency. Available: http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/Captur_the_MultiplB enef_ofEnergyEficiency.pdf [September 29, 2015].

[10] Worrell, E.; Martin, N.; Price, L. Potentials for energy efficiency improvement in the US cement industry. Energy 2000, 25, 1189–1214.

Decoupling Aerodynamic and Physical Parameters for Enhanced Flow Control in Rotating Wing Dynamic Stall

Vol. 12, Issue 05, PP. 105-116, May 2025

Published online https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.25.1205105116

ePub PDF

Abstract

This work outlines a specific approach to the isolation of aerodynamic and physical factors towards enhancing flow control in the dynamic stall of rotating wings, a concern in rotor craft, wind turbines and UAVs. Employing a combination of CFD and ML, this research work focuses uniquely on aerodynamics of the aircraft by eliminating the impact of physical parameters like angular velocity, pitch rate, and angle of attack from lift, drag, and pressure distribution. This way, the research offers a finer view of the physical processes involved in vortex shedding, boundary layer development, and stall inception, which are critical to predicting and mitigating stall phenomena. The ML component uses data from CFD simulations to control parameters and provide real-time reaction to the aerodynamic changes. The results of this study show that, if these decoupled parameters are adjusted separately, one can control the stall onset and achieve up to 20% delay in lift hysteresis and control the flow stability across a broad range of operating points. This decoupling concept enables the accurate application of adjustment actions like adaptive pitch control and optimized rotation rates to the corresponding aerodynamic and physical conditions. The proposed approach provides a realistic solution for improving energy efficiency and operational reliability in the RWs subjected to high dynamic loads. This work not only contributes to the knowledge of dynamic stall phenomena in rotating wings but also opens the way to develop more robust and effective flow control strategies in aerospace and renewable energy applications.

Author

Faizan Ijaz Wang Bo Qijun Zhao

Cite

Faizan Ijaz, Wang Bo, Zhao Qijun “Decoupling Aerodynamic and Physical Parameters for Enhanced Flow Control in Rotating , Vol. 12, Issue 05, PP. 105-116, May 2025. https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.25.1205105116.,

References

[1] G Baldan and A Guardone. A deep neural network reduced order model for unsteady aerodynamics of pitching airfoils. Aerospace Science and Technology, 152:109345, 2024.

[2] G Baldan, F Manara, G Frassoldati, and A Guardone. The effects of turbulence modeling on dynamic stall, 2024. Available at: http://arxiv.org/abs/2404.14172.

[3] G Bangga, T Lutz, and M Arnold. An improved second-order dynamic stall model for wind turbine airfoils. Wind Energy Science, 5(3):1037–1058, 2020.

[4] P Broadley, MRA Nabawy, MK Quinn, and WJ Crowther. Dynamic experimental rigs for investigation of insect wing aerodynamics. Journal of the Royal Society Interface, 19(191):20210909, 2022.

[5] G. A. Flore and B. R. Noack. Flow control in wings and discovery of novel approaches via deep reinforcement learning. Fluids, 7(2), 2022.

[6] MA Garcia Teran, E Olguin-Diaz, A Flores-Abad, and M Nandayapa. Experimental validation of an aerodynamic sectional modeling approach in fixed-wing unmanned aerial vehicles. IEEE Access, 6:74190–74203, 2018.

[7] A Gardner, A Jones, K Mulleners, J Naughton, and M Smith. Review of rotating wing dynamic stall: Experiments and flow control. Progress in Aerospace Sciences, 137:100887, 2023.

[8] AD Gardner and K Richter. Influence of rotation on dynamic stall. Journal of the American Helicopter Society, 58(3), 2013.

[9] S Ho, H Nassef, N Pornsinsirirak, YC Tai, and CM Ho. Unsteady aerodynamics and flow control for flapping wing flyers. Progress in Aerospace Sciences, 39(8):635–681, 2003.

[10] HR Kim, JA Printezis, JD Ahrens, JR Seume, and L Wein. Characterization of dynamic stall on large wind turbines. pages 1–20, 2024. Available from April.

[11] X Li and L-H Feng. Critical indicators of dynamic stall vortex. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 937:A16, 2022.

[12] Scheuer L. Kopel Y. Basescu M. Polevoy A. Wolfe K. Perrotta, G. and J. Moore. Planning and control for a dynamic morphing-wing uav using a vortex particle model. arXiv preprint, 2023.

[13] V Raghav and N Komerath. Dynamic stall life cycle on a rotating blade in steady forward flight. Journal of the American Helicopter Society, 60(3), 2015.

[14] V Raul and L Leifsson. Multifidelity aerodynamic shape optimization for mitigating dynamic stall using cokriging regression-based infill. Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization, 66(11):237, 2023.

[15] Y Ruan and M Hajek. Numerical investigation of dynamic stall on a single rotating blade. Aerospace, 8:90, 2021.

[16] G. Sedky, A. Othman, and A. Wissa. Feather-inspired flow control: The flow physics of spatially distributed covert flaps. arXiv preprint arXiv:2311.16966, 2023.

[17] M. Sereez and M. Goman. Evaluation of aerodynamic characteristics in oscillatory coning using cfd methods. arXiv preprint, 2022.

[18] M Smith, A Gardner, R Jain, D Peters, and F Richez. Rotating wing dynamic stall: state of the art and future directions. Vertical Flight Society Annual Forum, 2020.

[19] M. J. Smith and F. Richez. Rotating wing dynamic stall: State of the art and future directions. HAL preprint, 2021.

[20] SMJ et al. Rotating wing dynamic stall: state of the art and future directions, 2021. HAL Id: hal-03106952.

[21] DA Sterpu, D Mariuta, and LT Grigorie. A udf-based approach for the dynamic stall evaluation of airfoils for micro-air vehicles. Biomimetics, 9(6), 2024.

[22] D. Traphan, Melius M. Peinke J. Gülker G. Wester, T. T. B., and R. B. Cal. Dynamic stall of an airfoil under tailored three-dimensional inflow conditions. arXiv preprint arXiv:2003.07840, 2020.

[23] Q Wang and Q Zhao. Numerical study on dynamic-stall characteristics of finite wing and rotor. Applied Sciences, 9(3), 2019.

[24] T Wong. Advanced airfoil. In Special Conference on Aeromechanics, 2010.

[25] G Wu, S Deng, and Q Li. Influence of area distribution along the span direction on flapping wing aerodynamics in hover based on numerical modeling analysis. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, 17:6683–6692, 2024

Future Prospect & Challenges on Cu/Ni Metallization Techniques in Photovoltaic Cells

Vol. 12, Issue 05, PP. 91-104, May 2025

Published online https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.25.120591104

ePub PDF

Abstract

A key component of achieving higher efficiency is improving the process of metalizing silicon solar cells. Due to its simplicity and speed, contact realization by screen printing is now the most popular technology in the silicon-based photovoltaic sector. The issue with this type of metallization is that it has a higher contact resistance and a smaller aspect ratio, which restricts the efficiency of solar cells. Silicon solar cell producers are encouraged to develop new metallization techniques that use less silver and do not rely on the pressing process of screen printing due to the rising cost of silver pastes and decreasing silicon wafer thicknesses. Recently, a metallization technique that might address these problems is nickel/copper (Ni/Cu) based metal plating. In this review, we will describe the progress of electroplating techniques, mainly for the deposition of nickel/copper by laser deposition for nickel and the light-induced copper plating process. The metallization of the front-side silicon solar cells using a copper stack system is integral to achieving superior efficiency. The formation of a Ni seed layer by applying laser-assisted deposition has the advantage of using a single step for opening the ARC and the seed layer formation. Cu conducting layer using a light-induced plating (LIP) as the primary stack system, after applying a nickel seed layer to stop copper from diffusing into silicon, we also check tin as a top layer stack to protect it from oxidation. Moreover, we finally addressed the future advanced challenges and the issue of copper diffusion, background plating, and cost reductions.

Author

M. Tukur Ahmed, He Longbing, Shaikh Sabieh

Cite

M. Tukur Ahmed, He Longbing, Shaikh Sabieh “Future Prospect & Challenges on Cu/Ni Metallization Techniques in Photovoltaic Cel, Vol. 12, Issue 05, PP. 91-104, May 2025. https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.25.120591104.,

References

N. Balaji, M. C. Raval, and S. Saravanan, “Review on Metallization in Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells,” in Solar Cells, IntechOpen, 2020. doi: 10.5772/intechopen.84820.

[2] M. T. Zarmai, N. N. Ekere, C. F. Oduoza, and E. H. Amalu, “A review of interconnection technologies for improved crystalline silicon solar cell photovoltaic module assembly,” Appl Energy, vol. 154, pp. 173–182, Sep. 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.04.120.

[3] D. Adachi, J. L. Hernández, and K. Yamamoto, “Impact of carrier recombination on fill factor for large area heterojunction crystalline silicon solar cell with 25.1% efficiency,” Appl Phys Lett, vol. 107, no. 23, Dec. 2015, doi: 10.1063/1.4937224.

[4] J. Cho et al., “Thermal stability improvement of metal oxide-based contacts for silicon heterojunction solar cells,” Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, vol. 206, p. 110324, Mar. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.solmat.2019.110324.

[5] J. Yu et al., “Copper metallization of electrodes for silicon heterojunction solar cells: Process, reliability and challenges,” Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, vol. 224, p. 110993, Jun. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.solmat.2021.110993.

[6] G. S. Seck, E. Hache, C. Bonnet, M. Simoën, and S. Carcanague, “Copper at the crossroads: Assessment of the interactions between low-carbon energy transition and supply limitations,” Resour Conserv Recycl, vol. 163, p. 105072, Dec. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.105072.

[7] A. Rehman and S. Lee, “Review of the Potential of the Ni/Cu Plating Technique for Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells,” Materials, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 1318–1341, Feb. 2014, doi: 10.3390/ma7021318.

[8] J. Sudagar, J. Lian, and W. Sha, “Electroless nickel, alloy, composite and nano coatings – A critical review,” J Alloys Compd, vol. 571, pp. 183–204, Sep. 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2013.03.107.

[9] A. ur Rahman and S. H. Lee, “Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells with Nickel/Copper Contacts,” in Solar Cells - New Approaches and Reviews, InTech, 2015. doi: 10.5772/59008.

[10] J. Bartsch, V. Radtke, C. Schetter, and S. W. Glunz, “Electrochemical methods to analyse the light-induced plating process,” J Appl Electrochem, vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 757–765, Apr. 2010, doi: 10.1007/s10800-009-0054-5.

Silver-Coated Copper Paste: Properties, Preparation Techniques, and Applications in Solar Cells and Semiconductor Devices

Vol. 12, Issue 05, PP. 81-90, May 2025

Published online https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.25.12058190

ePub PDF

Abstract

A new material that has been developed as a potential substitute for current applications such as solar cell and semiconductor application is silver coated copper paste because of its high conductivity and relatively low cost. This paper will also consider main preparation techniques and characteristics of such composition as silver-coated copper paste and main fields of its application. The paste is a hybrid one and incorporates a layer of silver because while copper’s main benefit, conductivity, is extraordinary its drawback, corrosion, is a problem. Both electroplate and chemical reduction techniques are evaluated in terms of scalability and coating smoothness. Issues related to coating uniformity, sintering optimization, and the cost of production are cited as major limitations to the industrial application scale. It can be seen that the controlled microstructure, crystal structure and particle distribution in the product are critical in obtaining a high and stable performance at high operating temperatures in service. Potential uses in photovoltaic and semiconductor products are presented; it is shown that the introduced silver-coated copper paste has comparable electrical properties to conventional silver paste but requires considerably less money to purchase. To this end, the paper suggests improving the methods of applying the coating, optimizing the sintering process, and improving the ways to support environmentally friendly practices in the implementation of the technology.

Author

Shaikh Sabieh, Longbing He, Aurangzaib Muhammad

Cite

Shaikh Sabieh, Longbing He, Aurangzaib Muhammad “Silver-Coated Copper Paste: Properties, Preparation Techniques, and Applications in Solar Cells and Semiconductor Devices” International Journal of Engineering Works, Vol. 12, Issue 05, PP. 81-90, May 2025. https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.25.12058190.

References

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Impact of Artificial Intelligence on the Job Market and the Future of Work

Vol. 12, Issue 05, PP. 73-80, May 2025

Published online https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.25.12057380

ePub PDF

Abstract

The rapid development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming the global job market, with varied impacts across different countries. This paper presents a comparative analysis of AIs influence on employment in the United States, China, and India, focusing on key factors such as job displacement, job creation, skills transformation, and workforce adaptability. A scoring system was used to assess each country’s progress in integrating AI technologies, with the United States showing strong AI adoption and workforce adaptability but facing significant job displacement risks. China has made remarkable strides in government-driven AI initiatives but faces challenges in workforce adaptability and job quality. India, while experiencing slower AI integration, is leveraging its tech sector to create new jobs, though it needs to address workforce reskilling. The study concludes that the future of work will depend not only on technological advancements but also on deliberate actions by governments, businesses, and educational institutions to ensure fair and inclusive outcomes. The findings highlight the need for comprehensive policies to address ethical concerns, upskill workers, and manage the socio-economic implications of AI, aiming for a balanced and prosperous future in the AI-driven economy.

Author

Muhammad Danish Ali, Muhammad Fahad Ali, Maham Mujahid

Cite

Muhammad Danish Ali, Muhammad Fahad Ali, Maham Mujahid “Impact of Artificial Intelligence on the Job Market and the Future of Work” Inte, Vol. 12, Issue 05, PP. 73-80, May 2025. https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.25.12057380.,

References

Acemoglu, D., & Restrepo, P. (2019). Automation and new tasks: How technology displaces and reinstates labor. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 33(2), 3–30.
Autor, D. H., Mindell, D. A., & Reynolds, E. B. (2020). The work of the future: Building better jobs in an age of intelligent machines. MIT Work of the Future.
Bessen, J. E. (2019). AI and jobs: The role of demand. NBER Working Paper No. 24235. National Bureau of Economic Research.
Brynjolfsson, E., & McAfee, A. (2014). The second machine age: Work, progress, and prosperity in a time of brilliant technologies. W. W. Norton & Company.
Brynjolfsson, E., Rock, D., & Syverson, C. (2020). The productivity J-curve: How intangibles complement general purpose technologies. American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, 12(1), 333–372.
Chui, M., Manyika, J., & Miremadi, M. (2018). What AI means for jobs. McKinsey Quarterly, 3, 6–16.
Frey, C. B., & Osborne, M. A. (2017). The future of employment: How susceptible are jobs to computerisation? Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 114, 254–280.
Floridi, L., et al. (2018). AI4People An ethical framework for a good AI society: Opportunities, risks, principles, and recommendations. Minds and Machines, 28(4), 689–707.
Gurumurthy, A., & Bharthur, D. (2019). AI and the future of work: The global south perspective. IT for Change.
Manyika, J., Lund, S., Chui, M., Bughin, J., Woetzel, J., Batra, P., Ko, R., & Sanghvi, S. (2017). Jobs lost, jobs gained: Workforce transitions in a time of automation. McKinsey Global Institute.

Li-Ion Battery Capacity and State-of-Health Prediction through Novel Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks (KANs)

Vol. 12, Issue 05, PP. 66-72, May 2025

Published online https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.25.12056672

ePub PDF

Abstract

Based on the pressing need for fast, reliable estimates of capacity and State‑of‑Health (SOH) in electric‑vehicle lithium‑ion batteries, this study set out to test whether Kolmogorov‑Arnold Networks (KANs) can outperform the multilayer perceptron (MLP) models that dominate current battery‑management research. Through the NASA AMES PCoE dataset—which tracks four cells (B0005, B0006, B0007 and B0018) from initial charge to end‑of‑life—we trained shallow and deep KAN architectures alongside depth‑matched MLP baselines. Each model received 24 historic cycles and was asked to forecast the future 10 cycles. KANs performance was gauged with mean‑absolute error (MAE) and root‑mean‑square error (RMSE). The experiments show a consistent edge for KANs. On battery B0005, the deep KAN cut capacity‑forecast MAE to 0.014 and RMSE to 0.015, versus 0.023 and 0.030 for the deep MLP. Across all four cells, the deep KAN lowered capacity MAE by an average of 36 % and SOH RMSE by 30%. Shallow KANs also surpassed their MLP counterparts, though by smaller margins, confirming that the spline-based adaptive links inherent to KANs not merely by increasing depth but also in driving the improvement. Combined, these results demonstrate that KANs deliver more accurate, more data‑efficient and easier‑to‑interpret forecasts than conventional MLPs. The specific gains—up to 0.009 absolute MAE and 0.015 absolute RMSE on individual batteries—suggest that replacing MLP blocks with KANs can immediately enhance real‑time battery‑management systems without inflating model size or computational cost.

Author

Muhammad Shahid, Xia Chengjun, Liu Yicheng

Cite

Muhammad Shahid, Xia Chengjun, Liu Yicheng “Li-Ion Battery Capacity and State-of-Health Prediction through Novel Kolmogorov-Ar, Vol. 12, Issue 05, PP. 66-72, May 2025. https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.25.12056672., , ,

References

[1] M. Muratori et al., “The rise of electric vehicles—2020 status and future expectations,” Prog. Energy, vol. 3, no. 2, p. 22002, 2021.

[2] E. Fan et al., “Sustainable recycling technology for Li-ion batteries and beyond: challenges and future prospects,” Chem. Rev., vol. 120, no. 14, pp. 7020–7063, 2020.

[3] P. H. Camargos, P. H. J. dos Santos, I. R. dos Santos, G. S. Ribeiro, and R. E. Caetano, “Perspectives on Li‐ion battery categories for electric vehicle applications: a review of state of the art,” Int. J. Energy Res., vol. 46, no. 13, pp. 19258–19268, 2022.

[4] J. Urquizo and P. Singh, “A review of health estimation methods for Lithium-ion batteries in Electric Vehicles and their relevance for Battery Energy Storage Systems,” J. Energy Storage, vol. 73, p. 109194, 2023.

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[6] S. Shen, B. Liu, K. Zhang, and S. Ci, “Toward fast and accurate SOH prediction for lithium-ion batteries,” IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 2036–2046, 2021.

[7] J. Li, K. Adewuyi, and others, “A single particle model with chemical/mechanical degradation physics for lithium-ion battery State of Health (SOH) estimation,” Appl. Energy, 2018.

[8] O. Demirci, S. Taskin, E. Schaltz, and B. A. Demirci, “Review of battery state estimation methods for electric vehicles-Part II: SOH estimation,” J. Energy Storage, vol. 96, p. 112703, 2024

Transformational Impact of Strategic Human Resource Management: A Case of Less Represented Groups in the Fixed Line Telecom Sector

Vol. 12, Issue 05, PP. 52-65, May 2025

Published online https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.25.12055265

PDF

Abstract

Considering the business challenges faced by fixed-line telecommunication operators due to competition with cellular mobile operators, it has become a potential threat for these operators to survive in the telecommunication industry. Due to a decrease in the fixed-line customers, these operators strive to implement the best strategies of Sustained Competitive Advantage to remain competitive in the telecommunications industry. To handle these challenges, these operators need to implement specific business strategies with an effective role of Knowledge sharing and Strategic Human Resource Management. This study aims to investigate the linkage of Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) and Knowledge Sharing (KS) on Sustained Competitive Advantage (SCA), considering the less represented groups in the fixed-line telecommunication sector under the theoretical lens of resource-based theory. After collecting the data from the fixed-line telecommunications, a Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was conducted using SPSS to test the reliability and validity of adapted instruments and hypotheses testing using PLS-SEM. The results of hypotheses testing indicated that the indirect and direct relationships between SHRM and KS with SCA were significant. Hence, the proposed research model applies to different service and production industries in other countries with cross-cultural environments for researchers and practitioners.

Author

Hina Basharat, Muhammad Khurram Ali

Cite

Hina Basharat, Muhammad Khurram Ali “Transformational Impact of Strategic Human Resource Management: A Case of Less Represented Groups in the Fixed Line Telecom Sector” International Journal of Engineering Works, Vol. 12, Issue 05, PP. 52-65, May 2025. https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.25.12055265

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Comparative Analysis of Classical and Intelligent Control Techniques for the Inverted Pendulum System: Design, Simulation, and Performance Evaluation

Vol. 12, Issue 04, PP. 40-51, April 25

Published online https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.25.12044051

ePub PDF

Abstract

The inverted pendulum, a classic problem in control theory, is widely used for analyzing nonlinear systems and potential energy applications. This study investigates various controller techniques classical and intelligent applied to the inverted pendulum system, providing a comprehensive review of their design, performance, and limitations through simulations and graphical analysis. Key control strategies, including PID, Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR), Neural Networks (NN), and Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC), are implemented and evaluated for system stability, response time, and robustness under structural uncertainties and external disturbances. Simulation results reveal that classical controllers, particularly the PID and LQR, demonstrate superior performance in terms of settling time, overshoot, and steady-state error under linearized system assumptions. However, these conventional techniques struggle to handle nonlinearities and uncertainties effectively. To address these limitations, robust controllers such as the LQR are employed, minimizing actuator effort and optimizing cost functions. In contrast, intelligent controllers, including NN and FLC, exhibit adaptive capabilities, are enabling them to handle complex, nonlinear dynamics with greater accuracy and reliability. NN and FLC outperform classical controllers in terms of faster response times, improved stability, and reduced computational cost. This study underscores the advantages of NN and FLC in achieving enhanced system performance while maintaining stability and trajectory tracking for both cart position and pendulum angle. MATLAB/Simulink simulations validate the efficacy of each control strategy and highlight the potential of intelligent control techniques in addressing challenges associated with nonlinear systems and robotics technology. The findings provide critical insights into the design and application of control strategies for inverted pendulum systems, with implications for advancing feedback control in robotic systems.

Author

Jawad Khan, Ma Gang, Shah Muhammad Adnan

Cite

Jawad Khan, Ma Gang, Shah Muhammad Adnan “Comparative Analysis of Classical and Intelligent Control Techniques for the, Simulation, and Performance Evaluation” International Journal of Engineering Works, Vol. 12, Issue 04, PP. 40-51, April 25. https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.25.12044051.,

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