International Journal of Engineering Works

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Detetion and Prevention of Irrelevent Data Through Data Cleansing

Published online https://doi.org/

Abstract

A file oriented unstructured data collected and transformed into the data warehouse .Two or more records identified separately actually represent same real world entity, detection and prevention to improve data quality. The proposed technique introduces smart tokens of most representative attributes by sorting those tokens identical records are bring into close neighborhood, record duplicates are identified and removed from the data. Clean consistent and non duplicated data loaded into warehouse. The technique is a mile stone for cleaning data as with the explosive amount of data recording it is the need of time that more corrected data to be provided to the data mangers for effective decisions making.

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Current Issue - 2025

Future Prospect & Challenges on Cu/Ni Metallization Techniques in Photovoltaic Cells

Vol. 12, Issue 05, PP. 91-104, May 2025

Published online https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.25.120591104

ePub PDF

Abstract

A key component of achieving higher efficiency is improving the process of metalizing silicon solar cells. Due to its simplicity and speed, contact realization by screen printing is now the most popular technology in the silicon-based photovoltaic sector. The issue with this type of metallization is that it has a higher contact resistance and a smaller aspect ratio, which restricts the efficiency of solar cells. Silicon solar cell producers are encouraged to develop new metallization techniques that use less silver and do not rely on the pressing process of screen printing due to the rising cost of silver pastes and decreasing silicon wafer thicknesses. Recently, a metallization technique that might address these problems is nickel/copper (Ni/Cu) based metal plating. In this review, we will describe the progress of electroplating techniques, mainly for the deposition of nickel/copper by laser deposition for nickel and the light-induced copper plating process. The metallization of the front-side silicon solar cells using a copper stack system is integral to achieving superior efficiency. The formation of a Ni seed layer by applying laser-assisted deposition has the advantage of using a single step for opening the ARC and the seed layer formation. Cu conducting layer using a light-induced plating (LIP) as the primary stack system, after applying a nickel seed layer to stop copper from diffusing into silicon, we also check tin as a top layer stack to protect it from oxidation. Moreover, we finally addressed the future advanced challenges and the issue of copper diffusion, background plating, and cost reductions.

Author

M. Tukur Ahmed, He Longbing, Shaikh Sabieh

Cite

M. Tukur Ahmed, He Longbing, Shaikh Sabieh “Future Prospect & Challenges on Cu/Ni Metallization Techniques in Photovoltaic Cel, Vol. 12, Issue 05, PP. 91-104, May 2025. https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.25.120591104.,

References

N. Balaji, M. C. Raval, and S. Saravanan, “Review on Metallization in Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells,” in Solar Cells, IntechOpen, 2020. doi: 10.5772/intechopen.84820.

[2] M. T. Zarmai, N. N. Ekere, C. F. Oduoza, and E. H. Amalu, “A review of interconnection technologies for improved crystalline silicon solar cell photovoltaic module assembly,” Appl Energy, vol. 154, pp. 173–182, Sep. 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.04.120.

[3] D. Adachi, J. L. Hernández, and K. Yamamoto, “Impact of carrier recombination on fill factor for large area heterojunction crystalline silicon solar cell with 25.1% efficiency,” Appl Phys Lett, vol. 107, no. 23, Dec. 2015, doi: 10.1063/1.4937224.

[4] J. Cho et al., “Thermal stability improvement of metal oxide-based contacts for silicon heterojunction solar cells,” Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, vol. 206, p. 110324, Mar. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.solmat.2019.110324.

[5] J. Yu et al., “Copper metallization of electrodes for silicon heterojunction solar cells: Process, reliability and challenges,” Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, vol. 224, p. 110993, Jun. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.solmat.2021.110993.

[6] G. S. Seck, E. Hache, C. Bonnet, M. Simoën, and S. Carcanague, “Copper at the crossroads: Assessment of the interactions between low-carbon energy transition and supply limitations,” Resour Conserv Recycl, vol. 163, p. 105072, Dec. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.105072.

[7] A. Rehman and S. Lee, “Review of the Potential of the Ni/Cu Plating Technique for Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells,” Materials, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 1318–1341, Feb. 2014, doi: 10.3390/ma7021318.

[8] J. Sudagar, J. Lian, and W. Sha, “Electroless nickel, alloy, composite and nano coatings – A critical review,” J Alloys Compd, vol. 571, pp. 183–204, Sep. 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2013.03.107.

[9] A. ur Rahman and S. H. Lee, “Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells with Nickel/Copper Contacts,” in Solar Cells - New Approaches and Reviews, InTech, 2015. doi: 10.5772/59008.

[10] J. Bartsch, V. Radtke, C. Schetter, and S. W. Glunz, “Electrochemical methods to analyse the light-induced plating process,” J Appl Electrochem, vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 757–765, Apr. 2010, doi: 10.1007/s10800-009-0054-5.

Silver-Coated Copper Paste: Properties, Preparation Techniques, and Applications in Solar Cells and Semiconductor Devices

Vol. 12, Issue 05, PP. 81-90, May 2025

Published online https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.25.12058190

ePub PDF

Abstract

A new material that has been developed as a potential substitute for current applications such as solar cell and semiconductor application is silver coated copper paste because of its high conductivity and relatively low cost. This paper will also consider main preparation techniques and characteristics of such composition as silver-coated copper paste and main fields of its application. The paste is a hybrid one and incorporates a layer of silver because while copper’s main benefit, conductivity, is extraordinary its drawback, corrosion, is a problem. Both electroplate and chemical reduction techniques are evaluated in terms of scalability and coating smoothness. Issues related to coating uniformity, sintering optimization, and the cost of production are cited as major limitations to the industrial application scale. It can be seen that the controlled microstructure, crystal structure and particle distribution in the product are critical in obtaining a high and stable performance at high operating temperatures in service. Potential uses in photovoltaic and semiconductor products are presented; it is shown that the introduced silver-coated copper paste has comparable electrical properties to conventional silver paste but requires considerably less money to purchase. To this end, the paper suggests improving the methods of applying the coating, optimizing the sintering process, and improving the ways to support environmentally friendly practices in the implementation of the technology.

Author

Shaikh Sabieh, Longbing He, Aurangzaib Muhammad

Cite

Shaikh Sabieh, Longbing He, Aurangzaib Muhammad “Silver-Coated Copper Paste: Properties, Preparation Techniques, and Applications in Solar Cells and Semiconductor Devices” International Journal of Engineering Works, Vol. 12, Issue 05, PP. 81-90, May 2025. https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.25.12058190.

References

American Elements. (2024). Silver Coated Copper Powder. Retrieved from https://www.americanelements.com/silver-coated-copper-powder-7440-50-8
ResearchGate. (2023). Preparation of silver-coated copper powders and its application in conductive adhesives . Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/363425058_Preparation_of_silver-coated_copper_powders_and_its_application_in_conductive_adhesives
SpringerOpen. (2021). Improvement of the thermal stability of dendritic silver-coated copper. Nano Convergence. Retrieved from https://nanoconvergencejournal.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40580-021-00265-8
Henkel. (2024). Electrically Conductive Adhesives. Retrieved from https://www.henkel-adhesives.com/in/en/products/industrial-adhesives/electrically-conductive-adhesives.html
Kaken Tech. (2024). What are conductive adhesives (silver paste/conductive glue)? Retrieved from https://www.kaken-tech.co.jp/english/trouble/conductive_paste/
Nano Convergence. (2021). Improvement of the thermal stability of dendritic silver-coated copper microparticles by surface modification based on molecular self-assembly . Retrieved from https://nanoconvergencejournal.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40580-021-00265-8
Trumony Techs. (2024). What are the Different Types of Thermal Pastes? Retrieved from https://www.trumonytechs.com/what-are-the-different-types-of-thermal-pastes/
J. S. Nevid et al., “An introduction to the psych package: Part II. Scale construction and psychometrics,” Sci. Educ., vol. 1, no. 1, 2011, doi: 10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
TaiyangNews. (2023). Silver Coated Copper Pastes For HJT. Retrieved from https://taiyangnews.info/technology/silver-coated-copper-pastes-for-hjt
Hongwu Nano. (2024). Conductive Paste Silver Coated Copper Powder Ag Coated Cu . Retrieved from https://www.hwnanomaterial.com/conductive-paste-silver-coated-copper-powder-ag-coated-cu_p103.html

Impact of Artificial Intelligence on the Job Market and the Future of Work

Vol. 12, Issue 05, PP. 73-80, May 2025

Published online https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.25.12057380

ePub PDF

Abstract

The rapid development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming the global job market, with varied impacts across different countries. This paper presents a comparative analysis of AIs influence on employment in the United States, China, and India, focusing on key factors such as job displacement, job creation, skills transformation, and workforce adaptability. A scoring system was used to assess each country’s progress in integrating AI technologies, with the United States showing strong AI adoption and workforce adaptability but facing significant job displacement risks. China has made remarkable strides in government-driven AI initiatives but faces challenges in workforce adaptability and job quality. India, while experiencing slower AI integration, is leveraging its tech sector to create new jobs, though it needs to address workforce reskilling. The study concludes that the future of work will depend not only on technological advancements but also on deliberate actions by governments, businesses, and educational institutions to ensure fair and inclusive outcomes. The findings highlight the need for comprehensive policies to address ethical concerns, upskill workers, and manage the socio-economic implications of AI, aiming for a balanced and prosperous future in the AI-driven economy.

Author

Muhammad Danish Ali, Muhammad Fahad Ali, Maham Mujahid

Cite

Muhammad Danish Ali, Muhammad Fahad Ali, Maham Mujahid “Impact of Artificial Intelligence on the Job Market and the Future of Work” Inte, Vol. 12, Issue 05, PP. 73-80, May 2025. https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.25.12057380.,

References

Acemoglu, D., & Restrepo, P. (2019). Automation and new tasks: How technology displaces and reinstates labor. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 33(2), 3–30.
Autor, D. H., Mindell, D. A., & Reynolds, E. B. (2020). The work of the future: Building better jobs in an age of intelligent machines. MIT Work of the Future.
Bessen, J. E. (2019). AI and jobs: The role of demand. NBER Working Paper No. 24235. National Bureau of Economic Research.
Brynjolfsson, E., & McAfee, A. (2014). The second machine age: Work, progress, and prosperity in a time of brilliant technologies. W. W. Norton & Company.
Brynjolfsson, E., Rock, D., & Syverson, C. (2020). The productivity J-curve: How intangibles complement general purpose technologies. American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, 12(1), 333–372.
Chui, M., Manyika, J., & Miremadi, M. (2018). What AI means for jobs. McKinsey Quarterly, 3, 6–16.
Frey, C. B., & Osborne, M. A. (2017). The future of employment: How susceptible are jobs to computerisation? Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 114, 254–280.
Floridi, L., et al. (2018). AI4People An ethical framework for a good AI society: Opportunities, risks, principles, and recommendations. Minds and Machines, 28(4), 689–707.
Gurumurthy, A., & Bharthur, D. (2019). AI and the future of work: The global south perspective. IT for Change.
Manyika, J., Lund, S., Chui, M., Bughin, J., Woetzel, J., Batra, P., Ko, R., & Sanghvi, S. (2017). Jobs lost, jobs gained: Workforce transitions in a time of automation. McKinsey Global Institute.

Li-Ion Battery Capacity and State-of-Health Prediction through Novel Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks (KANs)

Vol. 12, Issue 05, PP. 66-72, May 2025

Published online https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.25.12056672

ePub PDF

Abstract

Based on the pressing need for fast, reliable estimates of capacity and State‑of‑Health (SOH) in electric‑vehicle lithium‑ion batteries, this study set out to test whether Kolmogorov‑Arnold Networks (KANs) can outperform the multilayer perceptron (MLP) models that dominate current battery‑management research. Through the NASA AMES PCoE dataset—which tracks four cells (B0005, B0006, B0007 and B0018) from initial charge to end‑of‑life—we trained shallow and deep KAN architectures alongside depth‑matched MLP baselines. Each model received 24 historic cycles and was asked to forecast the future 10 cycles. KANs performance was gauged with mean‑absolute error (MAE) and root‑mean‑square error (RMSE). The experiments show a consistent edge for KANs. On battery B0005, the deep KAN cut capacity‑forecast MAE to 0.014 and RMSE to 0.015, versus 0.023 and 0.030 for the deep MLP. Across all four cells, the deep KAN lowered capacity MAE by an average of 36 % and SOH RMSE by 30%. Shallow KANs also surpassed their MLP counterparts, though by smaller margins, confirming that the spline-based adaptive links inherent to KANs not merely by increasing depth but also in driving the improvement. Combined, these results demonstrate that KANs deliver more accurate, more data‑efficient and easier‑to‑interpret forecasts than conventional MLPs. The specific gains—up to 0.009 absolute MAE and 0.015 absolute RMSE on individual batteries—suggest that replacing MLP blocks with KANs can immediately enhance real‑time battery‑management systems without inflating model size or computational cost.

Author

Muhammad Shahid, Xia Chengjun, Liu Yicheng

Cite

Muhammad Shahid, Xia Chengjun, Liu Yicheng “Li-Ion Battery Capacity and State-of-Health Prediction through Novel Kolmogorov-Ar, Vol. 12, Issue 05, PP. 66-72, May 2025. https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.25.12056672., , ,

References

[1] M. Muratori et al., “The rise of electric vehicles—2020 status and future expectations,” Prog. Energy, vol. 3, no. 2, p. 22002, 2021.

[2] E. Fan et al., “Sustainable recycling technology for Li-ion batteries and beyond: challenges and future prospects,” Chem. Rev., vol. 120, no. 14, pp. 7020–7063, 2020.

[3] P. H. Camargos, P. H. J. dos Santos, I. R. dos Santos, G. S. Ribeiro, and R. E. Caetano, “Perspectives on Li‐ion battery categories for electric vehicle applications: a review of state of the art,” Int. J. Energy Res., vol. 46, no. 13, pp. 19258–19268, 2022.

[4] J. Urquizo and P. Singh, “A review of health estimation methods for Lithium-ion batteries in Electric Vehicles and their relevance for Battery Energy Storage Systems,” J. Energy Storage, vol. 73, p. 109194, 2023.

[5] S. BS, S. Hampannavar, and B. Bairwa, “Applications of battery management system (bms) in sustainable transportation: A comprehensive approach from battery modeling to battery integration to the power grid,” World Electr. Veh. J., vol. 13, no. 5, p. 80, 2022.

[6] S. Shen, B. Liu, K. Zhang, and S. Ci, “Toward fast and accurate SOH prediction for lithium-ion batteries,” IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 2036–2046, 2021.

[7] J. Li, K. Adewuyi, and others, “A single particle model with chemical/mechanical degradation physics for lithium-ion battery State of Health (SOH) estimation,” Appl. Energy, 2018.

[8] O. Demirci, S. Taskin, E. Schaltz, and B. A. Demirci, “Review of battery state estimation methods for electric vehicles-Part II: SOH estimation,” J. Energy Storage, vol. 96, p. 112703, 2024

Transformational Impact of Strategic Human Resource Management: A Case of Less Represented Groups in the Fixed Line Telecom Sector

Vol. 12, Issue 05, PP. 52-65, May 2025

Published online https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.25.12055265

PDF

Abstract

Considering the business challenges faced by fixed-line telecommunication operators due to competition with cellular mobile operators, it has become a potential threat for these operators to survive in the telecommunication industry. Due to a decrease in the fixed-line customers, these operators strive to implement the best strategies of Sustained Competitive Advantage to remain competitive in the telecommunications industry. To handle these challenges, these operators need to implement specific business strategies with an effective role of Knowledge sharing and Strategic Human Resource Management. This study aims to investigate the linkage of Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) and Knowledge Sharing (KS) on Sustained Competitive Advantage (SCA), considering the less represented groups in the fixed-line telecommunication sector under the theoretical lens of resource-based theory. After collecting the data from the fixed-line telecommunications, a Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was conducted using SPSS to test the reliability and validity of adapted instruments and hypotheses testing using PLS-SEM. The results of hypotheses testing indicated that the indirect and direct relationships between SHRM and KS with SCA were significant. Hence, the proposed research model applies to different service and production industries in other countries with cross-cultural environments for researchers and practitioners.

Author

Hina Basharat, Muhammad Khurram Ali

Cite

Hina Basharat, Muhammad Khurram Ali “Transformational Impact of Strategic Human Resource Management: A Case of Less Represented Groups in the Fixed Line Telecom Sector” International Journal of Engineering Works, Vol. 12, Issue 05, PP. 52-65, May 2025. https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.25.12055265

References

S. A. M. A. K. Mirza Jahanzaib and K. Ali, "Managing Competitiveness using Production Volumes-Product Variety Model for Automobile Industry," Life Science Journal, vol. 10, no. 4s, 2013.

Statistica, "Unique mobile subscribers worldwide by region 2010-2025 | Statista.," THE STATISTICS PORTAL, 2022b.

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PTA, "Telecom Indicators | PTA | Annual Cellular Subscribers," Pakistan Telecommunication, 2022b.

PTA, " Telecom Indicators | PTA | Annual Cellular Subscribers," Pakistan Telecommunication, 2022b.

PTA, "Telecom Indicators | PTA |Annual Fixed Local Line Subscribers," Pakistan Telecommunication, 2022d.

P. Authority., "Telecom Indicators | PTA. Pakistan Telecommunication," (2018).

J. Barney, "Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage," 1991.

M. Hassan, T. & Khan and Z. & Rehman, "Customer Retention Strategies in the Fixed-Line Telecom Sector of Pakistan.," Pakistan Economic Review, pp. 112-130., 2019.

P. M. and . M. G. C. Wright, "Theoretical perspectives for strategic human resource management," Journal of Management, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 295-320, 1992.

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M.-C. e. a. Huang, "Strategic HRM and Knowledge Sharing," International Journal of Human Resource Management, 2020.

S. Wang and R. A. Noe, "Knowledge sharing: A review and directions for future research," Human resource management review, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 115-131., 2010.

R. M. Grant, "Toward a knowledge‐based theory of the firm," Strategic Management Journal, vol. 17, no. S2, pp. 109-122, 1996.

V. Vuori and J. Okkonen, "Knowledge sharing motivational factors of using an intra‐organizational social media platform," Journal of Knowledge Management, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 592-603, 2012.

N. Kock and G. S. Lynn, "Lateral collinearity and misleading results in variance-based SEM: An illustration and recommendations," Journal of the Association for Information Systems, vol. 13, no. 7, 2012.

J. F. Hair, G. T. M. Hult, C. M. Ringle, and M. Sarstedt, "A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM)," Sage, 2017.

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J. F. H. G. T. M. R. C. M. Hair, M. Sarstedt and K. O. Thiele, "Mirror, mirror on the wall: a comparative evaluation of composite-based structural equation modeling methods," Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, vol. 45, pp. 616-632, 2017.

Comparative Analysis of Classical and Intelligent Control Techniques for the Inverted Pendulum System: Design, Simulation, and Performance Evaluation

Vol. 12, Issue 04, PP. 40-51, April 25

Published online https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.25.12044051

ePub PDF

Abstract

The inverted pendulum, a classic problem in control theory, is widely used for analyzing nonlinear systems and potential energy applications. This study investigates various controller techniques classical and intelligent applied to the inverted pendulum system, providing a comprehensive review of their design, performance, and limitations through simulations and graphical analysis. Key control strategies, including PID, Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR), Neural Networks (NN), and Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC), are implemented and evaluated for system stability, response time, and robustness under structural uncertainties and external disturbances. Simulation results reveal that classical controllers, particularly the PID and LQR, demonstrate superior performance in terms of settling time, overshoot, and steady-state error under linearized system assumptions. However, these conventional techniques struggle to handle nonlinearities and uncertainties effectively. To address these limitations, robust controllers such as the LQR are employed, minimizing actuator effort and optimizing cost functions. In contrast, intelligent controllers, including NN and FLC, exhibit adaptive capabilities, are enabling them to handle complex, nonlinear dynamics with greater accuracy and reliability. NN and FLC outperform classical controllers in terms of faster response times, improved stability, and reduced computational cost. This study underscores the advantages of NN and FLC in achieving enhanced system performance while maintaining stability and trajectory tracking for both cart position and pendulum angle. MATLAB/Simulink simulations validate the efficacy of each control strategy and highlight the potential of intelligent control techniques in addressing challenges associated with nonlinear systems and robotics technology. The findings provide critical insights into the design and application of control strategies for inverted pendulum systems, with implications for advancing feedback control in robotic systems.

Author

Jawad Khan, Ma Gang, Shah Muhammad Adnan

Cite

Jawad Khan, Ma Gang, Shah Muhammad Adnan “Comparative Analysis of Classical and Intelligent Control Techniques for the, Simulation, and Performance Evaluation” International Journal of Engineering Works, Vol. 12, Issue 04, PP. 40-51, April 25. https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.25.12044051.,

References

Xu, C. and X. Yu, Mathematical modeling of elastic inverted pendulum control system. Journal of Control Theory and Applications, 2004. 2: p. 281-282.

2. Xiao, B., C. Xu, and L. Xu, System Model and Controller Design of an Inverted Pendulum. Intelligent Information Systems, IASTED International Conference on, 2009. 0: p. 356-359.

3. Hu, H., S. Yu, and H. Trinh, A Review of Uncertainties in Power Systems - Modelling, Impact, and Mitigation. 2023.

4. Wang, J.-J., Simulation studies of inverted pendulum based on PID controllers. Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory, 2011. 19: p. 440-449.

5. Debnath, L., Nonlinear partial differential equations for scientists and engineers: Second edition. Nonlinear Partial Differential Equations for Scientists and Engineers: Second Edition, 2005: p. 1-737.

6. Muskinja, N. and B. Tovornik, Swinging up and stabilization of a real inverted pendulum. Industrial Electronics, IEEE Transactions on, 2006. 53: p. 631-639.

7. Nersesov, S. and W. Haddad, On the Stability and Control of Nonlinear Dynamical Systems via Vector Lyapunov Functions. Automatic Control, IEEE Transactions on, 2006. 51: p. 203-215.

8. Nasir, A., Modeling and controller design for an inverted pendulum system. 2007.

9. Prasad, L., B. Tyagi, and H. Gupta, Optimal Control of Nonlinear Inverted Pendulum System Using PID Controller and LQR: Performance Analysis Without and With Disturbance Input. International Journal of Automation and Computing, 2014. 11: p. 661-670.

10. Lewis, J. and J. Sauro, USABILITY AND USER EXPERIENCE: DESIGN AND EVALUATION. 2021. p. 972-1015.

Analytical Analysis of Fractional Order Swift-Hohenberg Equations

Vol. 12, Issue 03, PP. 31-39, March 25

Published online https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.25.12033139

ePub PDF

Abstract

This study utilizes the New Approximate Analytical Method (NAAM) to solve fractional order Swift-Hohenberg (S-H) equations, which model complex systems with memory and hereditary effects. By deriving approximate analytical solutions for both linear and nonlinear cases, NAAM simplifies the analytical analysis of these equations, particularly those involving fractional derivatives. A comparative evaluation with other traditional analytical and numerical methods highlights the NAAM’s effectiveness and accuracy, advancing the understanding of fractional systems and providing improved tools for addressing complex mathematical models.

Author

Aslam Zeb, Umar Farooq, Iqra Iqbal, Ghani Irfan

Cite

Aslam Zeb, Umar Farooq, Iqra Iqbal, Ghani Irfan “Analytical Analysis of Fractional Order Swift-Hohenberg Equations” International , Vol. 12, Issue 03, PP. 31-39, March 2025. https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.25.12033139., ,

References

[1] Zheng, B., 2023. Ordinary Differential Equation and Its Application. Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology, 72, pp.645-651.

[2] Restivo, S., 2001. Mathematics in society and history: Sociological inquiries (Vol. 20). Springer Science & Business Media.

[3] Fraser, C., 1985. JL Lagrange changing approach to the foundations of the calculus of variations. Archive for History of Exact Sciences, 32, pp.151-191.

[4] Rößler, A., 2010. Runge–Kutta methods for the strong approximation of solutions of stochastic differential equations. SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis, 48(3), pp.922-952.

[5] De Castro, A.B., Gómez, D. and Salgado, P., 2014. Mathematical models and numerical simulation in electromagnetism (Vol. 74). Springer.

[6] BUBAKAR, S.S., IBRAHIM, M. and ABUBAKAR, N., 2019. A STUDY ON SOME APPLICATIONS OF PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS IN HEAT TRANSFER. Journal of Applied Physical Science International, 11(3), pp.88-94.

[7] Farooq, U., Khan, H., Tchier, F., Hincal, E., Baleanu, D., & Bin Jebreen, H. (2021). New approximate analytical technique for the solution of time fractional fluid flow models. Advances in Difference Equations, 2021(1), 1-20.

[8] Nonlaopon, K., Alsharif, A. M., Zidan, A. M., Khan, A., Hamed, Y. S., & Shah, R. (2021). Numerical investigation of fractional-order Swift–Hohenberg equations via a Novel transform. Symmetry, 13(7), 12-63.

[9] Shah, R., Farooq, U., Khan, H., Baleanu, D., Kumam, P. and Arif, M., 2020. Fractional view analysis of third order Kortewege-De Vries equations, using a new analytical technique. Frontiers in Physics, 7, p.244.

[10] Singh, B.K. and Kumar, P., 2018. FRDTM for numerical simulation of multi-dimensional, time-fractional model of Navier–Stokes equation. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 9(4), pp.827-834

Hydrological Modeling of Pashin-Lora Basin Balochistan, and Evaluation of Internally Generated Water Potential of it’s Built Check Dams

Droughts and Floods; Land use and land cover (LULC); Micro-watershed; Rainfall-runoff; Small dams; Water resources management

Published online https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.25.12022130

ePub PDF

Abstract

In recent years, Balochistan, Pakistan largest province, has experienced droughts and floods, resulting in substantial infrastructural damage and loss of life. This study used geospatial and hydrological modeling to analyze the domestically produced water potential of the province most water-scarce Pishin Lora Basin (PLB). The basin hydrological characteristics were retrieved from the Digital Elevation Model (DEM), Landsat-8 images, and the Food Agriculture Organization (FAO) soil databases. Rainfall data from the Quetta and Kalat stations were collected for the years 1990 to 2021 and used to simulate runoff in HEC-HMS software. Peak discharges for the wet and dry years were 5102.2 and 1095.8 cumecs, respectively, with annual runoff volumes of 5.82 and 1.25 billion cubic meters (BCM). The water potential during wet years can address water shortage issues if managed well and it will also help to develop appropriate strategic options during dry years to minimize the drought impacts in the region through watershed management. This study has further identified micro-watersheds of the constructed small/check dams for their annual runoff potential. Runoff volumes in wet years often exceeded their damazs holding capacities. That implied that small dams and other development schemes are not designed to incorporate seasonal variations. This notion was further confirmed when flood water topped over these dams during high runoff periods of the recent 2022 rainfalls. This study emphasizes proper planning of water resource development schemes. It highlights the repercussions of inadequately planned interventions. If the safety and sustainability of these structures throughout their design lives are to be warranted, they must be evaluated scientifically and modified accordingly.

Author

Rabia Liaqat, Shah Dad Murad, Muhammad Siddique, Arjumand Zaidi, Abdul Latif Qureshi

Cite

Rabia Liaqat, Shah Dad Murad, Muhammad Siddique, Arjumand Zaidi, Abdul Latif Qureshi “Hydrological Modeling of Pashin-Lora Basin Balochistan, and Evaluation of Internally Generated Water Potential of it’s Built Check Dams” International Journal of Engineering Works, Vol. 12, Issue 02, PP. 21-30, February 2025. https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.25.12022130.

References

[1] M. M. Akhtar, A. D. Mohammad, M. Ehsan, R. Akhtar, J. Ur Rehman, and Z. Manzoor, ‘Water resources of Balochistan, Pakistan—a review’, Arab J Geosci, vol. 14, no. 4, p. 289, Feb. 2021, doi: 10.1007/s12517-021-06502-y.

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Future Prospect & Challenges on Cu/Ni Metallization Techniques in Photovoltaic Cells

Vol. 12, Issue 05, PP. 91-104, May 2025

Published online https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.25.120591104

ePub PDF

Abstract

Author

M. Tukur Ahmed, He Longbing, Shaikh Sabieh

Cite

References

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[9] A. ur Rahman and S. H. Lee, “Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells with Nickel/Copper Contacts,” in Solar Cells - New Approaches and Reviews, InTech, 2015. doi: 10.5772/59008.

Silver-Coated Copper Paste: Properties, Preparation Techniques, and Applications in Solar Cells and Semiconductor Devices

Vol. 12, Issue 05, PP. 81-90, May 2025

Published online https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.25.12058190

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Abstract

Author

Shaikh Sabieh, Longbing He, Aurangzaib Muhammad

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Impact of Artificial Intelligence on the Job Market and the Future of Work

Vol. 12, Issue 05, PP. 73-80, May 2025

Published online https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.25.12057380

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Abstract

Author

Muhammad Danish Ali, Muhammad Fahad Ali, Maham Mujahid

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