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Cost Optimization of Grid-Connected and Off-Grid Hybrid System for a Community in Rural Area of Pakistan

Vol. 8, Issue 06, PP. 162-169, June 2021

Published online https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.21.806162169

ePub PDF

Abstract

Remote and far off communities are usually not connected to grid owing to their location and are not economically feasible. Rural areas possess great abundance of renewable energy resources, utilizing these resources for energy production are environmentally friendly compared to thermal energy systems for power generation. Thermal power plants are costly and releases poisonous gases which causes many environmental menaces. Where the grid-connected rural communities also faces the issues like load shedding and power outages due to which rural community peoples suffered a lot. These aspects are the core driving forces to motivate the scientists, academics, technologists and investors to discover and finance in the field of renewable energy systems. But renewable energy sources are weather dependent and site specific. The main obstacle towards the deployment and investment in these systems is the intermittent and dynamic characteristic of renewable energy sources. The most appropriate option is hybrid renewable energy system to overcome the intermittent nature of the renewable energy sources. In our design model the hybrid renewable energy systems are based on photovoltaic, micro-hydro and biomass to provide reliable and cheaper electricity to remote areas of the Pakistan in case of off-grid and grid-connected mode. The one and only tenacity and purpose of this study is to design reliable and optimized hybrid energy system by using HOMER software with lowest possible Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) and Net Present Cost (NPC). The hybrid energy system comprised of solar PV, micro-hydro and biomass for grid-connected and off-grid models. HOMER software analyze different configurations of hybrid renewable energy system and according to the NPC and LCOE most optimized hybrid energy system is selected among the possible configurations. In our hybrid energy system models micro-hydro and solar PV has been used as a primary sources for delivering the base load demand while for meeting the peak demand and for backup biomass gasifier is used. This optimization tactics overpowers the uncontrolled behavior of the renewable energy sources. By well-organized and effective planning we can lessen use of biomass gasifier fuel for power generation along with the system Net Present Cost, LCOE and environmental dangers are abridged.

Author

Abdullah: Department of Electrical Energy System Engineering, US-Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Energy (USPCAS-E), UET Peshawar

Zoya Khan: Department of Electrical Energy System Engineering, US-Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Energy (USPCAS-E), UET Peshawar

Farhan Ullah: Department of Electrical Energy System Engineering, US-Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Energy (USPCAS-E), UET Peshawar

M. Abdul Mowahain Khan: Department of Electrical Energy System Engineering, US-Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Energy (USPCAS-E), UET Peshawar

Cite

Abdullah, Zoya Khan, Farhan Ullah, M. Abdul Mowahain Khan “Cost Optimization of Grid-Connected and Off-Grid Hybrid System for a Com, International Journal of Engineering Works, Vol. 8, Issue 06, PP. 162-169, June 2021, https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.21.806162169., ,

References

[1] Bansal, Mohit, D. K. Khatod, and R. P. Saini. "Modeling and optimization of integrated renewable energy system for a rural site." Optimization, Reliabilty, and Information Technology (ICROIT), 2014 International Conference on. IEEE, 2014.

[2] Ghaffar, Mohammed A. "The energy supply situation in the rural sector of Pakistan and the potential of renewable energy technologies." Renewable energy 6.8 (1995): 941-976.

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[5] M. Nurunnabi and N. K. Roy, “Grid connected hybrid power system design using HOMER,” Proc. 2015 3rd Int. Conf. Adv. Electr. Eng. ICAEE 2015, pp. 18–21, 2016.

[6] D. K. Yadav, S. P. Girimaji, and T. S. Bhatti, “Optimal hybrid power system design using HOMER,” India Int. Conf. Power Electron. IICPE, no. 1, pp. 1–6, 2012.

[7] M. Jarahnejad and A. Zaidi, “Exploring the Potential of Renewable Energy in Telecommunications Industry,” 2018.

[8] M. A. Ghaffar, “The energy supply situation in the rural sector of Pakistan and the potential of renewable energy technologies,” Renew. Energy, vol. 6, no. 8, pp. 941–976, 1995.

[9] M. Muthuramalingam and P. S. Manoharan, “Energy comparative analysis of MPPT techniques for PV system using interleaved soft-switching boost converter,” World J. Model. Simul., vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 83–93, 2015.

[10] M. Y. Raza, M. Wasim, and M. S. Sarwar, “Development of Renewable Energy Technologies in rural areas of Pakistan,” Energy Sources, Part A Recover. Util. Environ. Eff., vol. 0, no. 00, pp. 1–21, 2019.

[11] S. A. Chowdhury, V. Roy, and S. Aziz, “Renewable energy usage in the telecommunication sector of Bangladesh: Prospect and progress,” Proc. 1st Int. Conf. Dev. Renew. Energy Technol. ICDRET 2009, pp. 234–238, 2009.

[12] S. Bahramara, M. P. Moghaddam, and M. R. Haghifam, “Optimal planning of hybrid renewable energy systems using HOMER: A review,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 62, pp. 609–620, 2016.

[13] P. Bajpai and V. Dash, “Hybrid renewable energy systems for power generation in stand-alone applications : A review,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 2926–2939, 2012.

[14] A. Helal, R. El-Mohr, and H. Eldosouki, Optimal design of hybrid renewable energy system for electrification of a remote village in Egypt. 2012.

[15] R. Ramakumar, I. Abouzahr, and K. Ashenayi, “A knowledge-based approach to the design of integrated renewable energy systems,” IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 648–659, 1992.

A Review of Traffic-related Air Pollution

Vol. 8, Issue 06, PP. 175-179, June 2021

Published online https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.21.806175179

ePub PDF

Abstract

Traffic-related air pollution in urban areas is of growing concern as it worsens air quality which ultimately causes health problems. The exponential growth in urban traffic vehicles seriously deteriorate air quality as a result of higher fuel combustion products which disperse in the air. This review investigate and compile prominent researches conducted about traffic-related air pollution. The review found that traffic related air pollution is measured usually with Air Qaulity Index (AQI), which determines how much the concentration of a traffic air pollutant surpasses the satisfactory AQI category. The higher the value of AQI or the pollutant concentration, the worse the air quality. Each AQI category have its own implication to health and wealth of the people.

Author

Mohsin Khan: Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan

Cite

Mohsin Khan “A Review of Traffic-Related Air Pollution”, International Journal of Engineering Works, Vol. 8, Issue 06, PP. 175-179, June 2021, https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.21.806175179.

References

Two-Step Skipping Techniques For Solution of Nonlinear Unconstrained Optimization Problems

Vol. 8, Issue 06, PP. 170-174, June 2021

Published online https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.21.806170174

ePub PDF

Abstract

The development of recent engineering systems has introduced increasing levels of complexity and uncertainty over time. Combined with the planning philosophy of engineering itself, this has given rise to several studies addressing the straightforward or multi-objective optimization problems present in these complex systems. Although conventional approaches are often applied to engineering optimization depends largely on the character of problem, but they suffered to supply some quick and reasonable feedback to designers and cannot be challenging to further possible problems. However, researchers prefer quasi-Newton methodsto solve the unconstrained non-linear optimization problems, using updating the approximation to the inverse Hessian. This technique is a computationally expensive operation and, therefore, in this paper we investigate the possibility of skipping update of Hessian approximation on every second step. The experimental results show that the new methods (i.e. with skipping) give better performance in general than existing two-step methods, particularly as the dimension of the test problem increases.

Author

Nudrat Aamir: CECOS University of IT & Emerging Sciences, Peshawar Pakistan

John Ford: CECOS University of IT & Emerging Sciences, Peshawar Pakistan

Cite

Nudrat Aamir, John Ford “Two-Step Skipping Techniques For Solution of Nonlinear UnconstrainedOptimization P, International Journal of Engineering Works, Vol. 8, Issue 06, PP. 170-174, June 2021, https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.21.806170174., , , , ,

References

[1] Nudrat Aamir, Multi-Step Skipping Methods for Unconstrained Non-Linear Optimization, Ph. D Thesis, University of Essex, United Kingdom, 2014.

[2] J.A. Ford and I.A. Moghrabi, Alternative parametric choices for Multi-Step Quasi-Newton Methods, Optimization Methods and Software 50,305-323, 1993.

[3] J.A. Ford and Nudrat Aamir, Multi-Step Skipping Methods for UnconstrainedOptimization, AIP conf Proc 1389, 1806, 2011.

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with Update Skipping and Varying Memory, J. Optim. 8, 1060-1083,1998.

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Design and Performance Evaluation of Desktop Rod Electrode Discharge EDM Machine in Pure Water

Vol. 8, Issue 05, PP. 149-161, May 2021

Published online https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.21.805149161

ePub PDF

Abstract

EDM wire cutting technology has an irreplaceable position in special processing with continuous development and improvement [1]. The current EDM machine tools on the market are almost large and medium-sized. It is easy to cause waste of resources when cutting small parts. In the case of special processing courses offered by many colleges, vocational and technical schools. The laboratory is equipped with industrial-grade electric discharge wire machines. it requires a lot of floor space. The cost of cutting machine tools is very and it is not convenient for unprofessional to understand its processing principles and actual processes, if we are not very careful and system failure may happen such as wire breakage or other problem and so on. In recent years, the equipment is moving in the direction of miniaturization. Desktop-level 3D printers, milling machines have already appeared, and the field of small wire-cut EDM machine tools is in a blank paper. In this context, this article proposes to design desktop-level WEDM on the basis of industrial-grade machine tools based on the use of Small-diameter rod-shaped electrodes cutting. The mechanical structure of desktop-level EDM machine tool is designed so that it can be used for cutting small workpieces and teaching demonstrations. Compared with industrial-grade machine tools, it also greatly reduces the energy consumption of cutting small samples. It is more convenient for EDM machine equipment and transportation and popularization in the laboratory. Important parts such as ball screws were checked, various supporting parts were self-designed and the machine tool motion control system was designed.

Author

Muhammad Saleem: College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Yudao street, 210016 Nanjing, China

Qiu Mingbo: College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Yudao street, 210016 Nanjing, China

Muhammad Aurangzeb: School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, NCEPU, Beijing, China

Cite

Muhammad Saleen, Qiu Mingbo, Muhammad Aurangzeb “Design and Performance Evaluation of Desktop Rod Electrode Discharge EDM Mac, International Journal of Engineering Works, Vol. 8, Issue 05, PP. 149-161, April 2021, https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.21.805149161., ,

References

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Performance Analysis of Perturb & Observe and Open Circuit Voltage Algorithms for MPPT Tracking at Different Environmental Conditions

Vol. 8, Issue 04, PP. 143-148, April 2021

Published online https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.21.804143148

ePub PDF

Abstract

Photovoltaic PV is eco-friendly source of energy. Due to increase in ecological pollution and decrease in usual means of power, the importance of non-conventional energy sources has grown up rapidly. The output of PV systems depend on atmospheric conditions like temperature and irradiance. Also efficiency of PV system is very much less which needs to be increased. Installation cost is another problem existed with photovoltaic modules. Different techniques are used to get high power. MPPT of PV system at any condition is necessary to transfer maximum available power. Therefore, to generate maximum power at output of PV, installation of MPPT is necessary. Using MPPT, high efficiency of PV is also ensured. Different algorithms are utilized to track down MPP of PV. Out of all algorithms used, two algorithms are discussed briefly over here i.e. Perturb & Observe (P&O) and Open Circuit Voltage algorithms for MPPT at different environmental conditions by changing irradiance and temperature. Variation in temperature and irradiance level results in different output of PV cell. By changing slight temperature and irradiance, voltage and current at the MPP changes. Results which are obtained as a result of changing external conditions are simulated in PSIM and LTSpice and are then compared with each other. Effect on MPP, maximum voltage and maximum current at MPP are observed by changing environmental and atmospheric conditions like irradiance level and temperature. After comparing both these algorithms. Two different software named PSIM and LTSpice IV are being used for implementation and modelling of PV cell and both algorithms.

Author

Nasir Ishaq: University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Farhan Altaf: University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Zain Ul Abideen Afridi: University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Naeem Arbab: University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Cite

Nasir Ishaq, Farhan Altaf, Zain Ul Abideen Afridi, Naeem Arbab, “Performance Analysis of Perturb & Observe and Open Circuit Voltage Algorithms for MPPT Tracking , International Journal of Engineering Works, Vol. 8, Issue 04, PP. 143-148, April 2021, https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.21.804143148.,

References

[1] Antonio Lugue& Steven Hegedus (2003). Handbook of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering

[2] Chetan Singh Solanki, “Solar photovoltaics – fundamentals, technologies and application,” PHI learning private learning limited, New Delhi, second edition, July 2011.

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[7] Pradhan Arjyadhara, Ali S.M, Jena Chitralekha, “Analysis of Solar PV cell Performance with Changing Irradiance and Temperature,” International Journal of Engineering and Computer Science, Volume 2 Issue 1, Jan 2013

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TRNSYS Modeling and Simulation of a Solar-Fuel Hybrid Thermal Power Plant based on a Central Receiver System

Vol. 8, Issue 04, PP. 139-142, April 2021

Published online https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.21.804139142

ePub PDF

Abstract

Energy plays a key role in the socio-economic development of a country. Although the available potential of solar energy and other renewable sources is sufficient to encounter the energy needs of the world but unfortunately, fossil fuels are used to a large extent for the purpose and this adds a serious problem of unsustainability to the energy market. A solar thermal power plant hybridized with natural gas as fuel is developed and simulated using TRNSYS simulation software to study the parameters and output of the plant. The model was simulated for the 2nd January and for the whole year which gives 53.7 Mwh of energy throughout the day and 20717 MWh of energy per anum. Peshawar was considered as a reference location for the plant. A field of 250 heliostats having a total solar reflective area of 25000 m2 provides the required input energy.

Author

Imran Khan: US-Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Energy UET PESHAWAR, Pakistan

Umair Iqbal: US-Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Energy UET PESHAWAR, Pakistan

Cite

Imran Khan, Umair Iqbal “TRNSYS Modeling and Simulation of a Solar-Fuel Hybrid Thermal Power Plant based on a, International Journal of Engineering Works, Vol. 8, Issue 04, PP. 139-142, April 2021, https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.21.804139142.,

References

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A Modified Memory-Efficient U-Net for Segmentation of Polyps

Vol. 8, Issue 04, PP. 132-137, April 2021

Published online https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.21.804132137

ePub PDF

Abstract

Colorectal cancer, caused by an unusual growth of tissues in a body called polyp, is the third most prevailing cancer worldwide and remained the second most cause of deaths by cancer in 2020. Early stage detection of the cancer can prevent the deaths. Computer Aided Diagnosis (CAD) system could be a major breakthrough for early detection of the cancer. The system uses image processing techniques. Among the image processing techniques segmentation has a great value. The diagnostic process results are highly dependent on the accuracy of performed segmentation. Nowadays, many supervised and unsupervised techniques are used for the task of segmentation. Deep neural networks have outperformed other state-of-the-art approaches for the task. In this paper, we present an end-to-end deep neural network for segmentation of polyps in images. The network is modified version of the U-Net architecture. The network being much more memory efficient than the U-Net architecture, inferences segmentation of the images more accurate than the U-Net. We reduce number of layers of the U-Net architecture both in the en- coding and decoding path, and introduce residual blocks and batch normalization in the encoding path to prevent learning of redundant features, to avoid over-fitting and to accelerate the training process, and in the decoding path to avoid gradient vanishing issue in long dependence of the neural network during training we use bi-directional long short term memory network with batch normalization. We train and validate the network on Kvasir dataset for the task. The network accurately segments the polyp part in the images with 92.46% test accuracy.

Author

Asif Ahmad: Department of Basic Sciences, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Noor Badshah: Department of Basic Sciences, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Mahmood Ul Hassan: Department of Basic Sciences, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Cite

Asif Ahmad, Noor Badshah, Mahmood Ul Hassan “A Modified Memory-Efficient U-Net for Segmentation of Polyps”, International Journal of Engineering Works, Vol. 8, Issue 04, PP. 132-137, April 2021, https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.21.804132137., , , ,

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Energy Management in Domestic Household to Reduce Monthly Bill through Feedback

Vol. 8, Issue 04, PP. 138-146, April 2021

Published online https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.21.804138146

ePub PDF

Abstract

Home energy monitoring and/or management system are tools that could be used by homeowners to increase awareness, which may eventually lead to adoption of energy saving measures. In this technologically advanced era, electricity is essential to support our daily life. People rely upon electricity to help them go through their everyday schedules either at homes, offices and even at all other places. But with the advancement in technology, the demand-supply gap is also increasing. To overcome the issue, we need to increase generation. A lot of Renewable energy generation projects are under process to produce clean and sustainable energy but, to control the problem completely, we need efficient energy utilization to avoid the wastage of energy. Consumers need to adopt low energy consumption lifestyle through awareness and easy access. Customers usually receive no information on how much various energy appliances cost to operate. If consumer attempt to conserve energy, they receive inadequate information about the energy consumption. Because conventional metering system provide electricity bill at the end of every month and most of the consumers are also unable to understand the information provided by the existing metering system because the energy charge is for kWh and details about patterns of consumption are not available. As a result, the consumer does not realize their household’s consumption. In this paper, we propose an interactive system that will allow the user to define the electricity consumption for a particular month according to their own budget. This system will continuously update the user about their consumed electricity and the current bill calculated based on tariff defined by the utility. At the same time the system will also show the expected projected monthly bill based on the previous average electricity consumption pattern. To establish this two-way flow of data we have designed a mobile application that allows a user to define their targeted electricity consumption for a particular month according to the budget. This app will communicate with the controller to collect electrical parameters and timely inform the consumer about their consumption through feedback that will display both instantaneous and processed data.

Author

Sundus Anwar: USPCAS-E UET Peshawar, Pakistan

Tanvir Ahmad: USPCAS-E UET Peshawar, Pakistan

Fazal-e-Wahab: Department of Electrical Engineering, Kohat UET Peshawar, Pakistan

Cite

Sundus Anwar, Tanvir Ahmad, Fazal-e-Wahab “Energy Management in Domestic Household to Reduce Monthly Bill through Feedback�, International Journal of Engineering Works, Vol. 8, Issue 04, PP. 138-146, April 2021, https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.21.804138146., , ,

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