Linking the Researchers, Developing the Innovations
A file oriented unstructured data collected and transformed into the data warehouse .Two or more records identified separately actually represent same real world entity, detection and prevention to improve data quality. The proposed technique introduces smart tokens of most representative attributes by sorting those tokens identical records are bring into close neighborhood, record duplicates are identified and removed from the data. Clean consistent and non duplicated data loaded into warehouse. The technique is a mile stone for cleaning data as with the explosive amount of data recording it is the need of time that more corrected data to be provided to the data mangers for effective decisions making.
© The authors retain all copyrights
This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 12, Issue 06, PP. 117-125, June 2025
The prevalent energy crisis in Pakistan has affected people and systems in every aspect of the life for the past decade, impacting the economic growth the most of all. The main driver of this slump in economic growth has been the inefficient utilization of the energy resources, further exacerbated by the blunders in decision-making and policy formulation in the uppermost echelons of the country. Energy conservation and efficiency is extensively used to cope with energy crisis that the current world is facing as a powerful tool for addressing the global energy situation. There are different methods of energy efficiency management that can bring positive change i.e. reduce cost at different levels if executed correctly such as increasing energy security or by carrying out different measures to reduce carbon emissions to environment etc. Despite the fact that different energy efficiency management systems are gaining attention in the developed countries, their adoption in underdeveloped countries remains limited, particularly in Pakistan. Pakistan is now experiencing energy crisis, which entails a slew of complicated issues, all of which may be rectified by implementing an energy efficiency management system, if applied to the energy-intensive economy. This research was conducted to explore the different barriers to implementing Energy Management System in different industries across Pakistan. This research is relies on data collected through detailed questionnaire from the industries that participated in an incentive program funded by UNIDO for conducting free energy audits. 20 industries participated in the study. Regression and Pearson correlation analysis are used to study how different parameters create barriers to implementing Energy Management System in industries in Pakistan.
[1] Hye, Q.M.; Riaz, S. Causality between Energy Consumption and Economic Growth: The Case of Pakistan.
Lahore J. Econ. 2008, 13, 45–58.
[2] Ahmed, M.; Azam, M. Causal nexus between energy consumption and economic growth for high, middle and low income countries using frequency domain analysis. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2016, 60, 653–678.
[3] Siddiqui, R.; Jalil, H.H.; Nasir, M.; Malik, W.S.; Khalid, M. The Cost of Unserved Energy: Evidence from Selected Industrial Cities of Pakistan. Pakistan Dev. Rev. 2008, 47, 227–246.
[4] Ahmed, M.; Riaz, K.; Khan, A.; Bibi, S. Energy consumption–economic growth nexus for Pakistan: Taming the untamed. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2015, 52, 890–896.
[5] Policy Review and Recommendations on the Promotion of Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency; Project Report; United Nations Industrial Development Organization: Islamabad, Pakistan, 2016.
[6] Sabir, U.; Ariwa, E.; Taylor, A. Green technology and energy management systems in developing countries: A case study of Pakistan Textile Industry. In Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Innovative Computing Technology (INTECH 2013), London, UK, 29–31 August 2013; pp. 449–451.
[7] Akhtar, M.; Qamar, A.; Farooq, M.; Amjad, M.; Asim, M. Development of an effective energy management system in power plants of Pakistan. Fac. Eng. Technol. 2016, 23, 77–87
[8] Zeb, K.; Ali, S.; Khan, B.; Mehmood, C.; Tareen, N.; Din, W.; Farid, U.; Haider, A. A survey on waste heat recovery: Electric power generation and potential prospects within Pakistan. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2017, 75, 1142–1155.
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© The authors retain all copyrights
This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 12, Issue 05, PP. 105-116, May 2025
This work outlines a specific approach to the isolation of aerodynamic and physical factors towards enhancing flow control in the dynamic stall of rotating wings, a concern in rotor craft, wind turbines and UAVs. Employing a combination of CFD and ML, this research work focuses uniquely on aerodynamics of the aircraft by eliminating the impact of physical parameters like angular velocity, pitch rate, and angle of attack from lift, drag, and pressure distribution. This way, the research offers a finer view of the physical processes involved in vortex shedding, boundary layer development, and stall inception, which are critical to predicting and mitigating stall phenomena. The ML component uses data from CFD simulations to control parameters and provide real-time reaction to the aerodynamic changes. The results of this study show that, if these decoupled parameters are adjusted separately, one can control the stall onset and achieve up to 20% delay in lift hysteresis and control the flow stability across a broad range of operating points. This decoupling concept enables the accurate application of adjustment actions like adaptive pitch control and optimized rotation rates to the corresponding aerodynamic and physical conditions. The proposed approach provides a realistic solution for improving energy efficiency and operational reliability in the RWs subjected to high dynamic loads. This work not only contributes to the knowledge of dynamic stall phenomena in rotating wings but also opens the way to develop more robust and effective flow control strategies in aerospace and renewable energy applications.
[1] G Baldan and A Guardone. A deep neural network reduced order model for unsteady aerodynamics of pitching airfoils. Aerospace Science and Technology, 152:109345, 2024.
[2] G Baldan, F Manara, G Frassoldati, and A Guardone. The effects of turbulence modeling on dynamic stall, 2024. Available at: http://arxiv.org/abs/2404.14172.
[3] G Bangga, T Lutz, and M Arnold. An improved second-order dynamic stall model for wind turbine airfoils. Wind Energy Science, 5(3):1037–1058, 2020.
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[6] MA Garcia Teran, E Olguin-Diaz, A Flores-Abad, and M Nandayapa. Experimental validation of an aerodynamic sectional modeling approach in fixed-wing unmanned aerial vehicles. IEEE Access, 6:74190–74203, 2018.
[7] A Gardner, A Jones, K Mulleners, J Naughton, and M Smith. Review of rotating wing dynamic stall: Experiments and flow control. Progress in Aerospace Sciences, 137:100887, 2023.
[8] AD Gardner and K Richter. Influence of rotation on dynamic stall. Journal of the American Helicopter Society, 58(3), 2013.
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[10] HR Kim, JA Printezis, JD Ahrens, JR Seume, and L Wein. Characterization of dynamic stall on large wind turbines. pages 1–20, 2024. Available from April.
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[13] V Raghav and N Komerath. Dynamic stall life cycle on a rotating blade in steady forward flight. Journal of the American Helicopter Society, 60(3), 2015.
[14] V Raul and L Leifsson. Multifidelity aerodynamic shape optimization for mitigating dynamic stall using cokriging regression-based infill. Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization, 66(11):237, 2023.
[15] Y Ruan and M Hajek. Numerical investigation of dynamic stall on a single rotating blade. Aerospace, 8:90, 2021.
[16] G. Sedky, A. Othman, and A. Wissa. Feather-inspired flow control: The flow physics of spatially distributed covert flaps. arXiv preprint arXiv:2311.16966, 2023.
[17] M. Sereez and M. Goman. Evaluation of aerodynamic characteristics in oscillatory coning using cfd methods. arXiv preprint, 2022.
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[21] DA Sterpu, D Mariuta, and LT Grigorie. A udf-based approach for the dynamic stall evaluation of airfoils for micro-air vehicles. Biomimetics, 9(6), 2024.
[22] D. Traphan, Melius M. Peinke J. Gülker G. Wester, T. T. B., and R. B. Cal. Dynamic stall of an airfoil under tailored three-dimensional inflow conditions. arXiv preprint arXiv:2003.07840, 2020.
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© The authors retain all copyrights
This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 12, Issue 05, PP. 91-104, May 2025
A key component of achieving higher efficiency is improving the process of metalizing silicon solar cells. Due to its simplicity and speed, contact realization by screen printing is now the most popular technology in the silicon-based photovoltaic sector. The issue with this type of metallization is that it has a higher contact resistance and a smaller aspect ratio, which restricts the efficiency of solar cells. Silicon solar cell producers are encouraged to develop new metallization techniques that use less silver and do not rely on the pressing process of screen printing due to the rising cost of silver pastes and decreasing silicon wafer thicknesses. Recently, a metallization technique that might address these problems is nickel/copper (Ni/Cu) based metal plating. In this review, we will describe the progress of electroplating techniques, mainly for the deposition of nickel/copper by laser deposition for nickel and the light-induced copper plating process. The metallization of the front-side silicon solar cells using a copper stack system is integral to achieving superior efficiency. The formation of a Ni seed layer by applying laser-assisted deposition has the advantage of using a single step for opening the ARC and the seed layer formation. Cu conducting layer using a light-induced plating (LIP) as the primary stack system, after applying a nickel seed layer to stop copper from diffusing into silicon, we also check tin as a top layer stack to protect it from oxidation. Moreover, we finally addressed the future advanced challenges and the issue of copper diffusion, background plating, and cost reductions.
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[7] A. Rehman and S. Lee, “Review of the Potential of the Ni/Cu Plating Technique for Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells,” Materials, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 1318–1341, Feb. 2014, doi: 10.3390/ma7021318.
[8] J. Sudagar, J. Lian, and W. Sha, “Electroless nickel, alloy, composite and nano coatings – A critical review,” J Alloys Compd, vol. 571, pp. 183–204, Sep. 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2013.03.107.
[9] A. ur Rahman and S. H. Lee, “Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells with Nickel/Copper Contacts,” in Solar Cells - New Approaches and Reviews, InTech, 2015. doi: 10.5772/59008.
[10] J. Bartsch, V. Radtke, C. Schetter, and S. W. Glunz, “Electrochemical methods to analyse the light-induced plating process,” J Appl Electrochem, vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 757–765, Apr. 2010, doi: 10.1007/s10800-009-0054-5.
© The authors retain all copyrights
This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 12, Issue 05, PP. 81-90, May 2025
A new material that has been developed as a potential substitute for current applications such as solar cell and semiconductor application is silver coated copper paste because of its high conductivity and relatively low cost. This paper will also consider main preparation techniques and characteristics of such composition as silver-coated copper paste and main fields of its application. The paste is a hybrid one and incorporates a layer of silver because while copper’s main benefit, conductivity, is extraordinary its drawback, corrosion, is a problem. Both electroplate and chemical reduction techniques are evaluated in terms of scalability and coating smoothness. Issues related to coating uniformity, sintering optimization, and the cost of production are cited as major limitations to the industrial application scale. It can be seen that the controlled microstructure, crystal structure and particle distribution in the product are critical in obtaining a high and stable performance at high operating temperatures in service. Potential uses in photovoltaic and semiconductor products are presented; it is shown that the introduced silver-coated copper paste has comparable electrical properties to conventional silver paste but requires considerably less money to purchase. To this end, the paper suggests improving the methods of applying the coating, optimizing the sintering process, and improving the ways to support environmentally friendly practices in the implementation of the technology.
© The authors retain all copyrights
This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 12, Issue 05, PP. 73-80, May 2025
The rapid development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming the global job market, with varied impacts across different countries. This paper presents a comparative analysis of AIs influence on employment in the United States, China, and India, focusing on key factors such as job displacement, job creation, skills transformation, and workforce adaptability. A scoring system was used to assess each country’s progress in integrating AI technologies, with the United States showing strong AI adoption and workforce adaptability but facing significant job displacement risks. China has made remarkable strides in government-driven AI initiatives but faces challenges in workforce adaptability and job quality. India, while experiencing slower AI integration, is leveraging its tech sector to create new jobs, though it needs to address workforce reskilling. The study concludes that the future of work will depend not only on technological advancements but also on deliberate actions by governments, businesses, and educational institutions to ensure fair and inclusive outcomes. The findings highlight the need for comprehensive policies to address ethical concerns, upskill workers, and manage the socio-economic implications of AI, aiming for a balanced and prosperous future in the AI-driven economy.
© The authors retain all copyrights
This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 12, Issue 05, PP. 66-72, May 2025
Based on the pressing need for fast, reliable estimates of capacity and State‑of‑Health (SOH) in electric‑vehicle lithium‑ion batteries, this study set out to test whether Kolmogorov‑Arnold Networks (KANs) can outperform the multilayer perceptron (MLP) models that dominate current battery‑management research. Through the NASA AMES PCoE dataset—which tracks four cells (B0005, B0006, B0007 and B0018) from initial charge to end‑of‑life—we trained shallow and deep KAN architectures alongside depth‑matched MLP baselines. Each model received 24 historic cycles and was asked to forecast the future 10 cycles. KANs performance was gauged with mean‑absolute error (MAE) and root‑mean‑square error (RMSE). The experiments show a consistent edge for KANs. On battery B0005, the deep KAN cut capacity‑forecast MAE to 0.014 and RMSE to 0.015, versus 0.023 and 0.030 for the deep MLP. Across all four cells, the deep KAN lowered capacity MAE by an average of 36 % and SOH RMSE by 30%. Shallow KANs also surpassed their MLP counterparts, though by smaller margins, confirming that the spline-based adaptive links inherent to KANs not merely by increasing depth but also in driving the improvement. Combined, these results demonstrate that KANs deliver more accurate, more data‑efficient and easier‑to‑interpret forecasts than conventional MLPs. The specific gains—up to 0.009 absolute MAE and 0.015 absolute RMSE on individual batteries—suggest that replacing MLP blocks with KANs can immediately enhance real‑time battery‑management systems without inflating model size or computational cost.
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[8] O. Demirci, S. Taskin, E. Schaltz, and B. A. Demirci, “Review of battery state estimation methods for electric vehicles-Part II: SOH estimation,” J. Energy Storage, vol. 96, p. 112703, 2024
© The authors retain all copyrights
This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 12, Issue 05, PP. 52-65, May 2025
Considering the business challenges faced by fixed-line telecommunication operators due to competition with cellular mobile operators, it has become a potential threat for these operators to survive in the telecommunication industry. Due to a decrease in the fixed-line customers, these operators strive to implement the best strategies of Sustained Competitive Advantage to remain competitive in the telecommunications industry. To handle these challenges, these operators need to implement specific business strategies with an effective role of Knowledge sharing and Strategic Human Resource Management. This study aims to investigate the linkage of Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) and Knowledge Sharing (KS) on Sustained Competitive Advantage (SCA), considering the less represented groups in the fixed-line telecommunication sector under the theoretical lens of resource-based theory. After collecting the data from the fixed-line telecommunications, a Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was conducted using SPSS to test the reliability and validity of adapted instruments and hypotheses testing using PLS-SEM. The results of hypotheses testing indicated that the indirect and direct relationships between SHRM and KS with SCA were significant. Hence, the proposed research model applies to different service and production industries in other countries with cross-cultural environments for researchers and practitioners.
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© The authors retain all copyrights
This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 12, Issue 04, PP. 40-51, April 25
The inverted pendulum, a classic problem in control theory, is widely used for analyzing nonlinear systems and potential energy applications. This study investigates various controller techniques classical and intelligent applied to the inverted pendulum system, providing a comprehensive review of their design, performance, and limitations through simulations and graphical analysis. Key control strategies, including PID, Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR), Neural Networks (NN), and Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC), are implemented and evaluated for system stability, response time, and robustness under structural uncertainties and external disturbances. Simulation results reveal that classical controllers, particularly the PID and LQR, demonstrate superior performance in terms of settling time, overshoot, and steady-state error under linearized system assumptions. However, these conventional techniques struggle to handle nonlinearities and uncertainties effectively. To address these limitations, robust controllers such as the LQR are employed, minimizing actuator effort and optimizing cost functions. In contrast, intelligent controllers, including NN and FLC, exhibit adaptive capabilities, are enabling them to handle complex, nonlinear dynamics with greater accuracy and reliability. NN and FLC outperform classical controllers in terms of faster response times, improved stability, and reduced computational cost. This study underscores the advantages of NN and FLC in achieving enhanced system performance while maintaining stability and trajectory tracking for both cart position and pendulum angle. MATLAB/Simulink simulations validate the efficacy of each control strategy and highlight the potential of intelligent control techniques in addressing challenges associated with nonlinear systems and robotics technology. The findings provide critical insights into the design and application of control strategies for inverted pendulum systems, with implications for advancing feedback control in robotic systems.
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© The authors retain all copyrights
This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 12, Issue 06, PP. 117-125, June 2025
The prevalent energy crisis in Pakistan has affected people and systems in every aspect of the life for the past decade, impacting the economic growth the most of all. The main driver of this slump in economic growth has been the inefficient utilization of the energy resources, further exacerbated by the blunders in decision-making and policy formulation in the uppermost echelons of the country. Energy conservation and efficiency is extensively used to cope with energy crisis that the current world is facing as a powerful tool for addressing the global energy situation. There are different methods of energy efficiency management that can bring positive change i.e. reduce cost at different levels if executed correctly such as increasing energy security or by carrying out different measures to reduce carbon emissions to environment etc. Despite the fact that different energy efficiency management systems are gaining attention in the developed countries, their adoption in underdeveloped countries remains limited, particularly in Pakistan. Pakistan is now experiencing energy crisis, which entails a slew of complicated issues, all of which may be rectified by implementing an energy efficiency management system, if applied to the energy-intensive economy. This research was conducted to explore the different barriers to implementing Energy Management System in different industries across Pakistan. This research is relies on data collected through detailed questionnaire from the industries that participated in an incentive program funded by UNIDO for conducting free energy audits. 20 industries participated in the study. Regression and Pearson correlation analysis are used to study how different parameters create barriers to implementing Energy Management System in industries in Pakistan.
[1] Hye, Q.M.; Riaz, S. Causality between Energy Consumption and Economic Growth: The Case of Pakistan.
Lahore J. Econ. 2008, 13, 45–58.
[2] Ahmed, M.; Azam, M. Causal nexus between energy consumption and economic growth for high, middle and low income countries using frequency domain analysis. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2016, 60, 653–678.
[3] Siddiqui, R.; Jalil, H.H.; Nasir, M.; Malik, W.S.; Khalid, M. The Cost of Unserved Energy: Evidence from Selected Industrial Cities of Pakistan. Pakistan Dev. Rev. 2008, 47, 227–246.
[4] Ahmed, M.; Riaz, K.; Khan, A.; Bibi, S. Energy consumption–economic growth nexus for Pakistan: Taming the untamed. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2015, 52, 890–896.
[5] Policy Review and Recommendations on the Promotion of Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency; Project Report; United Nations Industrial Development Organization: Islamabad, Pakistan, 2016.
[6] Sabir, U.; Ariwa, E.; Taylor, A. Green technology and energy management systems in developing countries: A case study of Pakistan Textile Industry. In Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Innovative Computing Technology (INTECH 2013), London, UK, 29–31 August 2013; pp. 449–451.
[7] Akhtar, M.; Qamar, A.; Farooq, M.; Amjad, M.; Asim, M. Development of an effective energy management system in power plants of Pakistan. Fac. Eng. Technol. 2016, 23, 77–87
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Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 12, Issue 05, PP. 105-116, May 2025
This work outlines a specific approach to the isolation of aerodynamic and physical factors towards enhancing flow control in the dynamic stall of rotating wings, a concern in rotor craft, wind turbines and UAVs. Employing a combination of CFD and ML, this research work focuses uniquely on aerodynamics of the aircraft by eliminating the impact of physical parameters like angular velocity, pitch rate, and angle of attack from lift, drag, and pressure distribution. This way, the research offers a finer view of the physical processes involved in vortex shedding, boundary layer development, and stall inception, which are critical to predicting and mitigating stall phenomena. The ML component uses data from CFD simulations to control parameters and provide real-time reaction to the aerodynamic changes. The results of this study show that, if these decoupled parameters are adjusted separately, one can control the stall onset and achieve up to 20% delay in lift hysteresis and control the flow stability across a broad range of operating points. This decoupling concept enables the accurate application of adjustment actions like adaptive pitch control and optimized rotation rates to the corresponding aerodynamic and physical conditions. The proposed approach provides a realistic solution for improving energy efficiency and operational reliability in the RWs subjected to high dynamic loads. This work not only contributes to the knowledge of dynamic stall phenomena in rotating wings but also opens the way to develop more robust and effective flow control strategies in aerospace and renewable energy applications.
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This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 12, Issue 05, PP. 91-104, May 2025
A key component of achieving higher efficiency is improving the process of metalizing silicon solar cells. Due to its simplicity and speed, contact realization by screen printing is now the most popular technology in the silicon-based photovoltaic sector. The issue with this type of metallization is that it has a higher contact resistance and a smaller aspect ratio, which restricts the efficiency of solar cells. Silicon solar cell producers are encouraged to develop new metallization techniques that use less silver and do not rely on the pressing process of screen printing due to the rising cost of silver pastes and decreasing silicon wafer thicknesses. Recently, a metallization technique that might address these problems is nickel/copper (Ni/Cu) based metal plating. In this review, we will describe the progress of electroplating techniques, mainly for the deposition of nickel/copper by laser deposition for nickel and the light-induced copper plating process. The metallization of the front-side silicon solar cells using a copper stack system is integral to achieving superior efficiency. The formation of a Ni seed layer by applying laser-assisted deposition has the advantage of using a single step for opening the ARC and the seed layer formation. Cu conducting layer using a light-induced plating (LIP) as the primary stack system, after applying a nickel seed layer to stop copper from diffusing into silicon, we also check tin as a top layer stack to protect it from oxidation. Moreover, we finally addressed the future advanced challenges and the issue of copper diffusion, background plating, and cost reductions.
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© The authors retain all copyrights
This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 12, Issue 05, PP. 81-90, May 2025
A new material that has been developed as a potential substitute for current applications such as solar cell and semiconductor application is silver coated copper paste because of its high conductivity and relatively low cost. This paper will also consider main preparation techniques and characteristics of such composition as silver-coated copper paste and main fields of its application. The paste is a hybrid one and incorporates a layer of silver because while copper’s main benefit, conductivity, is extraordinary its drawback, corrosion, is a problem. Both electroplate and chemical reduction techniques are evaluated in terms of scalability and coating smoothness. Issues related to coating uniformity, sintering optimization, and the cost of production are cited as major limitations to the industrial application scale. It can be seen that the controlled microstructure, crystal structure and particle distribution in the product are critical in obtaining a high and stable performance at high operating temperatures in service. Potential uses in photovoltaic and semiconductor products are presented; it is shown that the introduced silver-coated copper paste has comparable electrical properties to conventional silver paste but requires considerably less money to purchase. To this end, the paper suggests improving the methods of applying the coating, optimizing the sintering process, and improving the ways to support environmentally friendly practices in the implementation of the technology.
© The authors retain all copyrights
This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 12, Issue 05, PP. 73-80, May 2025
The rapid development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming the global job market, with varied impacts across different countries. This paper presents a comparative analysis of AIs influence on employment in the United States, China, and India, focusing on key factors such as job displacement, job creation, skills transformation, and workforce adaptability. A scoring system was used to assess each country’s progress in integrating AI technologies, with the United States showing strong AI adoption and workforce adaptability but facing significant job displacement risks. China has made remarkable strides in government-driven AI initiatives but faces challenges in workforce adaptability and job quality. India, while experiencing slower AI integration, is leveraging its tech sector to create new jobs, though it needs to address workforce reskilling. The study concludes that the future of work will depend not only on technological advancements but also on deliberate actions by governments, businesses, and educational institutions to ensure fair and inclusive outcomes. The findings highlight the need for comprehensive policies to address ethical concerns, upskill workers, and manage the socio-economic implications of AI, aiming for a balanced and prosperous future in the AI-driven economy.
© The authors retain all copyrights
This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 12, Issue 05, PP. 66-72, May 2025
Based on the pressing need for fast, reliable estimates of capacity and State‑of‑Health (SOH) in electric‑vehicle lithium‑ion batteries, this study set out to test whether Kolmogorov‑Arnold Networks (KANs) can outperform the multilayer perceptron (MLP) models that dominate current battery‑management research. Through the NASA AMES PCoE dataset—which tracks four cells (B0005, B0006, B0007 and B0018) from initial charge to end‑of‑life—we trained shallow and deep KAN architectures alongside depth‑matched MLP baselines. Each model received 24 historic cycles and was asked to forecast the future 10 cycles. KANs performance was gauged with mean‑absolute error (MAE) and root‑mean‑square error (RMSE). The experiments show a consistent edge for KANs. On battery B0005, the deep KAN cut capacity‑forecast MAE to 0.014 and RMSE to 0.015, versus 0.023 and 0.030 for the deep MLP. Across all four cells, the deep KAN lowered capacity MAE by an average of 36 % and SOH RMSE by 30%. Shallow KANs also surpassed their MLP counterparts, though by smaller margins, confirming that the spline-based adaptive links inherent to KANs not merely by increasing depth but also in driving the improvement. Combined, these results demonstrate that KANs deliver more accurate, more data‑efficient and easier‑to‑interpret forecasts than conventional MLPs. The specific gains—up to 0.009 absolute MAE and 0.015 absolute RMSE on individual batteries—suggest that replacing MLP blocks with KANs can immediately enhance real‑time battery‑management systems without inflating model size or computational cost.
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Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 12, Issue 05, PP. 52-65, May 2025
Considering the business challenges faced by fixed-line telecommunication operators due to competition with cellular mobile operators, it has become a potential threat for these operators to survive in the telecommunication industry. Due to a decrease in the fixed-line customers, these operators strive to implement the best strategies of Sustained Competitive Advantage to remain competitive in the telecommunications industry. To handle these challenges, these operators need to implement specific business strategies with an effective role of Knowledge sharing and Strategic Human Resource Management. This study aims to investigate the linkage of Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) and Knowledge Sharing (KS) on Sustained Competitive Advantage (SCA), considering the less represented groups in the fixed-line telecommunication sector under the theoretical lens of resource-based theory. After collecting the data from the fixed-line telecommunications, a Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was conducted using SPSS to test the reliability and validity of adapted instruments and hypotheses testing using PLS-SEM. The results of hypotheses testing indicated that the indirect and direct relationships between SHRM and KS with SCA were significant. Hence, the proposed research model applies to different service and production industries in other countries with cross-cultural environments for researchers and practitioners.
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This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 12, Issue 04, PP. 40-51, April 25
The inverted pendulum, a classic problem in control theory, is widely used for analyzing nonlinear systems and potential energy applications. This study investigates various controller techniques classical and intelligent applied to the inverted pendulum system, providing a comprehensive review of their design, performance, and limitations through simulations and graphical analysis. Key control strategies, including PID, Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR), Neural Networks (NN), and Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC), are implemented and evaluated for system stability, response time, and robustness under structural uncertainties and external disturbances. Simulation results reveal that classical controllers, particularly the PID and LQR, demonstrate superior performance in terms of settling time, overshoot, and steady-state error under linearized system assumptions. However, these conventional techniques struggle to handle nonlinearities and uncertainties effectively. To address these limitations, robust controllers such as the LQR are employed, minimizing actuator effort and optimizing cost functions. In contrast, intelligent controllers, including NN and FLC, exhibit adaptive capabilities, are enabling them to handle complex, nonlinear dynamics with greater accuracy and reliability. NN and FLC outperform classical controllers in terms of faster response times, improved stability, and reduced computational cost. This study underscores the advantages of NN and FLC in achieving enhanced system performance while maintaining stability and trajectory tracking for both cart position and pendulum angle. MATLAB/Simulink simulations validate the efficacy of each control strategy and highlight the potential of intelligent control techniques in addressing challenges associated with nonlinear systems and robotics technology. The findings provide critical insights into the design and application of control strategies for inverted pendulum systems, with implications for advancing feedback control in robotic systems.
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© The authors retain all copyrights
This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.