International Journal of Engineering Works

In Press

Energy Management in Domestic Household to Reduce Monthly Bill through Feedback

Published online https://doi.org/

Abstract

Home energy monitoring and/or management system are tools that could be used by homeowners to increase awareness, which may eventually lead to adoption of energy saving measures. In this technologically advanced era, electricity is essential to support our daily life. People rely upon electricity to help them go through their everyday schedules either at homes, offices and even at all other places. But with the advancement in technology, the demand-supply gap is also increasing. To overcome the issue, we need to increase generation. A lot of Renewable energy generation projects are under process to produce clean and sustainable energy but, to control the problem completely, we need efficient energy utilization to avoid the wastage of energy. Consumers need to adopt low energy consumption lifestyle through awareness and easy access. Customers usually receive no information on how much various energy appliances cost to operate. If consumer attempt to conserve energy, they receive inadequate information about the energy consumption. Because conventional metering system provide electricity bill at the end of every month and most of the consumers are also unable to understand the information provided by the existing metering system because the energy charge is for kWh and details about patterns of consumption are not available. As a result, the consumer does not realize their household’s consumption. In this paper, we propose an interactive system that will allow the user to define the electricity consumption for a particular month according to their own budget. This system will continuously update the user about their consumed electricity and the current bill calculated based on tariff defined by the utility. At the same time the system will also show the expected projected monthly bill based on the previous average electricity consumption pattern. To establish this two-way flow of data we have designed a mobile application that allows a user to define their targeted electricity consumption for a particular month according to the budget. This app will communicate with the controller to collect electrical parameters and timely inform the consumer about their consumption through feedback that will display both instantaneous and processed data.

Author

Sundus Anwar: USPCAS-E UET Peshawar, Pakistan

Tanvir Ahmad: USPCAS-E UET Peshawar, Pakistan

Fazal-e-Wahab: Department of Electrical Engineering, Kohat UET Peshawar, Pakistan

Cite

, , , ,

References

[1] Introduction to energy management in smart grids VDI-Guideline VDI 4602, page 3, Beuth Verlag, Berlin (2007)

[2] “Brief History of Energy Management ..." Elahee, Mohammad Khalil (2019). Energy Management Research Journal. 2 (No. 1): 39–49.

[3] Overcoming electricity crisis in Pakistan: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews (2017) 72:734-745 Gordhan Valasai, Mohammad Aslam Uqaili Hafeez Ur Rahman Memon; Saleem Raza Samoo

[4] A Survey on Demand Response Programs in Smart Grids: Pricing Methods and Optimization Algorithms John S. Vardakas; Nizar Zorba; Christos V. Verikoukis (2014)

[5] Attitude of Consumer towards Prepaid Meters (2009) Susheem Pandey

[6] Behavioral Change and Building Performance: Strategies for Significant, Persistent, and Measurable Institutional Change AK Wolfe EL Malone J Heerwagen J Dion April (2014)

[7] EEA Technical report No 5/2013 ‘’Achieving energy efficiency through behavior change’’

[8] “A review of intervention studies aimed at household energy conservation” by Wokje Abrahamse, Linda Steg, Charles Vlek, Talib Rothengatter.

[9] “Understanding usage patterns of electric kettle and energy saving potential” (2015) D.M.Murray J.Liao L.Stankovic V.Stankovic

[10] One Size Does not fit all: Establishing the need for targeted eco-feedback Khosrowpour, Ardalan, Xie, Yimeng, Taylor, John, Hong, Yili. (2016)

[11] Kjeldskov, Jesper, Mikael B. Skov, Jeni Paay, and Rahuvaran Pathmanathan. "Using mobile phones to support sustainability: a field study of residential electricity consumption." (2012)

[12] Ueno, Tsuyoshi, Fuminori Sano, Osamu Saeki, and Kiichiro Tsuji. "Effectiveness of an energy-consumption information system on energy savings in residential houses based on monitored data." Applied Energy 83, no. 2 (2006): 166-183.

[13] Allera, S. V., and R. A. Sturges. "End-use monitoring with the ‘POEM ‘system." (1996): 208-212. (UK), and the National Grid Company plc. - Datum Solutions (UK)

[14] Ilatchiya, P., M. Sudhakaran, and R. Seyezhai. "Power Management and Control for Domestic Appliances using GSM and Android Application." International Journal of Emerging Technology in Computer Science & Electronics (IJETCSE) 21, no. 3 (2016): 44-49

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Current Issue - 2021

A Modified Memory-Efficient U-Net for Segmentation of Polyps

Vol. 8, Issue 04, PP. 132-137, April 2021

Published online https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.21.804132137

ePub PDF

Abstract

Colorectal cancer, caused by an unusual growth of tissues in a body called polyp, is the third most prevailing cancer worldwide and remained the second most cause of deaths by cancer in 2020. Early stage detection of the cancer can prevent the deaths. Computer Aided Diagnosis (CAD) system could be a major breakthrough for early detection of the cancer. The system uses image processing techniques. Among the image processing techniques segmentation has a great value. The diagnostic process results are highly dependent on the accuracy of performed segmentation. Nowadays, many supervised and unsupervised techniques are used for the task of segmentation. Deep neural networks have outperformed other state-of-the-art approaches for the task. In this paper, we present an end-to-end deep neural network for segmentation of polyps in images. The network is modified version of the U-Net architecture. The network being much more memory efficient than the U-Net architecture, inferences segmentation of the images more accurate than the U-Net. We reduce number of layers of the U-Net architecture both in the en- coding and decoding path, and introduce residual blocks and batch normalization in the encoding path to prevent learning of redundant features, to avoid over-fitting and to accelerate the training process, and in the decoding path to avoid gradient vanishing issue in long dependence of the neural network during training we use bi-directional long short term memory network with batch normalization. We train and validate the network on Kvasir dataset for the task. The network accurately segments the polyp part in the images with 92.46% test accuracy.

Author

Asif Ahmad: Department of Basic Sciences, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Noor Badshah: Department of Basic Sciences, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Mahmood Ul Hassan: Department of Basic Sciences, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Cite

Asif Ahmad, Noor Badshah, Mahmood Ul Hassan “A Modified Memory-Efficient U-Net for Segmentation of Polyps”, International Journal of Engineering Works, Vol. 8, Issue 04, PP. 132-137, April 2021, https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.21.804132137., , , ,

References

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T. F. Chan and L. A. Vese, “Active contours without edges,” IEEE Transactions on image processing, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 266–277, 2001.
L. Wang, L. He, A. Mishra, and C. Li, “Active contours driven by local gaussian distribution fitting energy,” Signal Processing, vol. 89, no. 12, pp. 2435–2447, 2009.
O. J. Tobias and R. Seara, “Image segmentation by histogram thresholding using fuzzy sets,”
A. Ahmad, N. Badshah, and H. Ali, “A fuzzy variational model for segmentation of images having intensity inhomogeneity and slight texture,” Soft Computing, pp. 1–16, 2020.
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S. Z. Oo and A. S. Khaing, “Brain tumor detection and segmentation using watershed seg- mentation and morphological operation,” International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology, vol. 3, no. 03, pp. 367–374, 2014.
O. Ronneberger, P. Fischer, and T. Brox, “U-net: Convolutional networks for biomedical im- age segmentation,” in International Conference on Medical image computing and computer- assisted intervention, pp. 234–241, Springer, 2015.
R. Azad, M. Asadi-Aghbolaghi, M. Fathy, and S. Escalera, “Bi-directional convlstm u-net with densley connected convolutions,” in Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision Workshops, pp. 0–0, 2019.
L. Zhang, A. Liu, J. Xiao, and P. Taylor, “Dual encoder fusion u-net (defu-net) for cross- manufacturer chest x-ray segmentation,” arXiv preprint arXiv:2009.10608, 2020.
Y. LeCun, B. Boser, J. S. Denker, D. Henderson, R. E. Howard, W. Hubbard, and L. D. Jackel, “Backpropagation applied to handwritten zip code recognition,” Neural computation, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 541–551, 1989.
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S. Pereira, A. Pinto, V. Alves, and C. A. Silva, “Brain tumor segmentation using convolutional neural networks in mri images,” IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, vol. 35, pp. 1240–1251, May 2016.
H. Dong, G. Yang, F. Liu, Y. Mo, and Y. Guo, “Automatic brain tumor detection and seg- mentation using u-net based fully convolutional networks,” in annual conference on medical image understanding and analysis, pp. 506–517, Springer, 2017.
P.-Y. Kao, J. W. Chen, and B. Manjunath, “Improving 3d u-net for brain tumor segmenta- tion by utilizing lesion prior,” arXiv preprint arXiv:1907.00281, 2019.
K. He, X. Zhang, S. Ren, and J. Sun, “Deep residual learning for image recognition,” in Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp. 770– 778, 2016.
S. Ioffe and C. Szegedy, “Batch normalization: Accelerating deep network training by re- ducing internal covariate shift,” arXiv preprint arXiv:1502.03167, 2015.
H. Song, W. Wang, S. Zhao, J. Shen, and K.-M. Lam, “Pyramid dilated deeper convlstm for video salient object detection,” in Proceedings of the European conference on computer vision (ECCV), pp. 715–731, 2018.
M. I. Jordan, “Attractor dynamics and parallelism in a connectionist sequential machine,” in Artificial neural networks: concept learning, pp. 112–127, 1990.

Sustainability Assessment of Micro-Hydropower Projects

Vol. 8, Issue 04, PP. 126-131, April 2021

Published online https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.21.804126131

ePub PDF

Abstract

Micro hydro Power Projects (MHPPs) have been receiving increasing attention in the face of the growing energy demands and the high proportion of population living without grid access in Pakistan. The government has initiated a project to install 356 MHPPs in the province in 2014, which has now been extended to 1200 such projects. Unfortunately a number of these MHPPs have not been able to produce the desired results, some failing to start generation and some despite producing electricity not bringing the social, environmental and economic changes that are ideally the outcome of such projects. This paper proposes a new quantitative sustainability model specifically designed for the peculiar socio-economic and cultural dynamics of the northern areas of Pakistan. Rooted in sixty one sustainability assessment indicators across four dimensions and twenty one sub dimension and especially minted for the socioeconomic conditions of the region, the model is meant for assessment of the sustainability of an MHPP. The indicators are rated on a scale of 1 to 5 as per the International Hydropower Association (IHA)’s Hydropower Sustainability Assessment Protocol (HSAP), the overall dimension score is aggregated from the individual indicators and sub-dimensional weightages. The end output of the model is a dimension score ranging from 1 to 5. In the case study the model was applied to the MHP project installed in the Kalam Valley of the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and achieved scores indicative of basic good practices of sustainability along the social, economic, technical, and environmental lines. The quantification of sustainability assessment of the MHP projects would pave wave for informed and evidence based decision-making process for the future MHP projects installed in the region. The model, albeit designed for the KP region, can be tweaked for MHPPs of any socioeconomic region by adjusting the weightages of the indicators and subdimension as per the peculiarities of that region.

Author

Salman Sarwar: MS Student at USPCAS E UET Peshawar

Abdul Basit Ahmad: Assistant Professor UET Peshawar

Cite

Salman Sarwar, Abdul Basit Ahmad “Sustainability Assessment of Micro-Hydropower Projects”, International Journal of Engineering Works, Vol. 8, Issue 04, PP. 126-131, April 2021, https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.21.804126131., ,

References

[1] World Energy Outlook 2018. OECD, 2018.

[2] Practical Action, “Poor People’s Energy Outlook 2017,” 2107. [Online]. Available: https://policy.practicalaction.org/policy-themes/energy/poor-peoples-energy-outlook/poor-people-s-energy-outlook-2017.

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[5] C. Miller, N. Moore, C. Altamirano-allende, N. Irshad, S. Biswas, and C. Altamirano-allende, “Poverty Eradication Through Energy Innovation :,” 2018.

[6] W. Boelt, “UN General Assembly’s Open Working Group proposes sustainable development goals,” UN Dep. Public Inf., p. 2, 2014.

[7] M. Maoz et al., “Parametric Optimization of Earth to Air Heat Exchanger Using Response Surface Method,” Sustainability, vol. 11, no. 11, p. 3186, Jun. 2019.

[8] K. Kaygusuz, “Energy for sustainable development: A case of developing countries,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 1116–1126, Feb. 2012.

[9] IEA, “Comparative study on rural electification policies in emergin economies - Keys to successful policies,” 2010.

[10] A. Zomers, “The challenge of rural electrification,” Energy Sustain. Dev., vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 69–76, Mar. 2003.

[11] T. Urmee, D. Harries, and H.-G. Holtorf, Photovoltaics for Rural Electrification in Developing Countries. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016.

[12] M. M. Ra, S. Rehman, and S. Asia, “National energy scenario of Pakistan – Current status , future alternatives , and institutional infrastructure : An overview,” vol. 69, no. November 2016, pp. 156–167, 2017.

[13] W. Uddin et al., “Energy Scenario and Potential of Hydroelectric Power in Pakistan,” in 4th International Conference on Power Generation Systems and Renewable Energy Technologies, PGSRET 2018, 2019.

[14] K. Pakhtunkhwa and H. Policy, “Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa,” no. 2, pp. 11–14, 2016.

[15] N. Water and S. Profile, “Chairman Federal Flood Commission PAKISTAN WATER SECTOR STRATEGY October 2002,” October, vol. 5, no. October, 2002.

[16] A. Report, “2012 - 2013,” 2013.

[17] T. M. Parris and R. W. Kates, “Characterizing and measuring Sustainable development,” Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour., vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 559–586, Nov. 2003.

[18] U. Nations, “Our Common Future,” 1987.

[19] “Three pillars of sustainability : in search of conceptual origins,” Sustain. Sci., vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 681–695, 2019.

[20] M. Pigaht and R. J. van der Plas, “Innovative private micro-hydro power development in Rwanda,” Energy Policy, vol. 37, no. 11, pp. 4753–4760, Nov. 2009.

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[24] C. A. Miller, C. Altamirano-Allende, N. Johnson, and M. Agyemang, “The social value of mid-scale energy in Africa: Redefining value and redesigning energy to reduce poverty,” Energy Res. Soc. Sci., vol. 5, pp. 67–69, Jan. 2015.

Segmentation of Images with Inhomogeneous Intensity Multi-Objects

Vol. 8, Issue 03, PP. 112-117, March 2021

Published online https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.21.803112117

ePub PDF

Abstract

Computer vision is an influential area in which methodologies are generated to analyze and know about the charactristics and construction of a digital image and output is some meaningful information. Image processing comprises five main branches i.e image segmentation, image denoising, image registration, image inpainting and image deblurring. Image segmentation is our focus research work in context of fuzzy sets theory. The pivotal element to fuzzy sets [11] is fuzzy membership V, which acts like region descriptor, must satisfy the restriction Level set method (LSM) [9] is used, which is responsible to distribute and allogate the evolution curve C, which is a better way to carry out image segmentation process. In our research work we developed a model for segmenting images with inhomogeneous intensity multi objects background having maximum, minimum, average intensities. For such achievement we changed Krinidis and Chartiz [13] fitting term by linear term in fuzzy setup. Experimental result of our model justify that our model will show better performance in those images which are suffering from intensity inhomogeneity multi objects.

Author

Rahman Ullah: Department of Basic Sciences, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Noor Badshah: Department of Basic Sciences, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Mati Ullah: Department of Basic Sciences, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Muhammad Arif: Department of Basic Sciences, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Cite

Rahman Ullah, Noor Badshah, Mati Ullah, Muhammad Arif “Segmentation of Images with Inhomogeneous Intensity Multi-Objects”, International Journal of Engineering Works, Vol. 8, Issue 03, PP. 112-117, March 2021, https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.21.803112117., , , ,

References

S.Krinidis, V. Chatzis, Fuzzy energy-based active contours, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 18, (2009) 73-87.
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Impact of Affordable and Clean Energy (SDG 7) on Signifcant SDGs

Vol. 8, Issue 03, PP. 103-111, March 2021

Published online https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.21.803103111

ePub PDF

Abstract

Energy is considered to be a vital part of the progress and prosperity of a nation. However, there are some parts of the world like South Africa, Nepal, Pakistan, India and other developing countries where some parts of people have do not access to electricity. Some of the people in the world even in Pakistan do not live a quality life and living theirs below the poverty line. There are people who do have access to electricity and quality education. They live their lives unhygienically and women are the victims of gender inequality. For this purpose, the United Nation gathers around and reached on common goals which are also called universal goals for the people and for the benefit of the planet, which are named as Sustainable Development Goals. These goals are agenda for 2030 that we together are going to achieve till 2030. One of the goals is Access to Energy of Sustainable Development Goals. SDG 7 stands for affordable and clean energy. Pakistan has remote areas, far away from the national grid, where there is no access to electricity. For this purpose, the government is electrifying those areas by using their indigenous resources. One of the best options is Micro and Mini Hydropower projects for the community. By providing the electricity we can improve their quality of life and they can play their part in a nation’s economy. As these micro and mini-hydro projects are cheaper and friendly to the environment so they are the source of “Affordable and Clean Energy”.

The study focused, on establishing pathways for SDG7 i.e. Affordable and Clean Energy and how this SDG7 affect other Significant SDGs in the area of Chitral. Thirteen sites of Chitral were visited and people were interviewed and investigate their lifestyle. So this study shows that this source of Affordable and Clean Energy is moving us towards achieving other Sustainable Goals. These goals can be achieved more effectively if the government organizations play their role to educate the people to make the most use of it.

Author

Sayed Kamal: US:-Pakistan Centre for Advanced Studies in Energy, University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan

Azam Jan: US:-Pakistan Centre for Advanced Studies in Energy, University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan

Majid Ullah: US:-Pakistan Centre for Advanced Studies in Energy, University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan

Ahmar Ali: US:-Pakistan Centre for Advanced Studies in Energy, University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan

Sheraz Khan: US:-Pakistan Centre for Advanced Studies in Energy, University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan

Cite

Sayed Kamal, Azam Jan, Majid Ullah, Ahmar Ali, Sheraz Khan “Impact of Affordable and Clean Energy (SDG 7) on Signifcant SDGs”, International Journal of Engineering Works, Vol. 8, Issue 03, PP. 103-111, March 2021, https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.21.803103111., ,

References

[1] (December 18, 2018). U.S. energy information administration. International energy statistics. Available: www.eia.gov/cfapps/ipdbproject/IEDIndex3.cfm?tid=44&pid=44&aid=2.

[2] P. Carneiro and P. Ferreira, "The economic, environmental and strategic value of biomass," Renewable Energy, vol. 44, pp. 17-22, 2012.

[3] M. Hasanuzzaman, N. Rahim, M. Hosenuzzaman, R. Saidur, I. Mahbubul, and M. Rashid, "Energy savings in the combustion based process heating in industrial sector," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 16, pp. 4527-4536, 2012.

[4] R. Raza, S. Hayat, M. Ashraf Chaudhry, and J. Muhammad, "Development and study of PEMFC in Pakistan," in The 3rd international conference of materials for advanced technologies (ICMAT 2005), 2005.

[5] S. Z. Farooqui, "Prospects of renewables penetration in the energy mix of Pakistan," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 29, pp. 693-700, 2014.

[6] M. Arshad Khan and U. Ahmed, "Energy demand in Pakistan: a disaggregate analysis," 2009.

[7] A. Raheem, S. A. Abbasi, A. Memon, S. R. Samo, Y. Taufiq-Yap, M. K. Danquah, et al., "Renewable energy deployment to combat energy crisis in Pakistan," Energy, Sustainability and Society, vol. 6, pp. 1-13, 2016.

[8] F. M. Hossain, M. Hasanuzzaman, N. Rahim, and H. Ping, "Impact of renewable energy on rural electrification in Malaysia: a review," Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, vol. 17, pp. 859-871, 2015.

[9] K. Harijan, M. A. Uqaili, and M. Memon, "Renewable energy for managing energy crisis in Pakistan," in International Multi Topic Conference, 2008, pp. 449-455.

[10] S. N. Malik and O. R. Sukhera, "Management of natural gas resources and search for alternative renewable energy resources: A case study of Pakistan," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 16, pp. 1282-1290, 2012.

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[12] M.-B. O. Yusuf, N. S. Shirazi, and G. MatGhani, "The impact of Pakistan poverty alleviation fund on poverty in Pakistan: An empirical analysis," Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, vol. 13, pp. 1335-1344, 2013

Energy Efficient Modelling of USPCAS-E UET Peshawar Building using eQUEST Software

Vol. 8, Issue 03, PP. 118-125, March 2021

Published online https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.21.803118125

ePub PDF

Abstract

Energy consumption by the domestic sector in Pakistan is 46% which is one of the highest use by any country. The Government of Pakistan has planned to save 3 Million Tons of Oil Equivalent (33,000 MW) by 2025 through energy eﬃciency and conservation practices. Conserving this chunk of energy without eﬀecting quality of life and measurements to improve buildings energy eﬃciency is a problem to be resolved. Several studies have been conducted to evaluate the performance of implementing various sustainability measures in existing buildings via various simulation tools. The purpose of this study is to analyze a fully functional building and ﬁnd the possible cost eﬀective measurements that can be taken to conserve available energy potential using eQUEST software. The building under study is United States Pakistan Center for Advance Studies in Energy (USPCAS-E), University of Engineering and Technology (UET), Peshawar. An energy eﬃcient model of the building is calibrated in the study in comparison with the actual billing data. The simulation results are very close to actual energy consumption of the building. The overall results indicates that the building is state of the art building with almost all necessary measures already considered but some policy propositions are needed. HVAC and lightning are the signiﬁcant energy users (SEUs) here and there is a substantial potential for improvement which is presented. Some changes are made in the building occupancy scheduling and some regulations are presented for the occupants behavior change towards energy use.

Author

Abdullah Jamshaid: Department of Energy Management & Sustainability (EnMS), Center for Advanced studies in Energy (UET Peshawar) Peshawar, Pakistan

Muhammad Ishaq Khan: Department of Energy Management & Sustainability (EnMS), Center for Advanced studies in Energy (UET Peshawar) Peshawar, Pakistan

Syed Faisal Shah: Department of Energy Management & Sustainability (EnMS), Center for Advanced studies in Energy (UET Peshawar) Peshawar, Pakistan

Hammad ur Rahman: Department of Energy Management & Sustainability (EnMS), Center for Advanced studies in Energy (UET Peshawar) Peshawar, Pakistan

Cite

Abdullah Jamshaid, Muhammad Ishaq Khan, Syed Faisal Shah, Hammad ur Rahman “Energy Efficient Modelling of USPCAS-E UET Peshawar Building using eQUEST So, International Journal of Engineering Works, Vol. 8, Issue 03, PP. 118-125, March 2021, https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.21.803118125., , , ,

References

[1] Fatai, L. Oxley, and F. G. Scrimgeour, “Modelling the causal relationship between energy consumption and GDP in New Zealand, Australia, India, Indonesia, the Philippines and Thailand,” Mathematics and Computers in Simulation, vol. 64, no. 3-4, pp. 431–445, 2004.

[2] M. M. Rafique and S. Rehman, “National energy scenario of Pakistan–current status, future alternatives, and institutional infrastructure: An overview,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 69, pp. 156–167, 2017.

[3] Express TribuneEnergy efficiency: Pakistan can conserve up to 1,100MW, says expert, Published: March 20, 2014 https://tribune.com.pk/story/685315/energy-efficiency-pakistan-can-conserve-up-to-1100mw-says-expert

[4] Sohail, M. and Qureshi, M.U.D., 2011. Energy-efficient buildings in pakistan. Science Vision, 16, pp.27-38.

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[6] P. E. Y. Book, “Hydrocarbon development institute of Pakistan,” Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Resources, Islamabad, Pakistan, 2008.

[7] H. Khatib, “IEA world energy outlook 2011—a comment,” Energy policy, vol. 48, pp. 737–743, 2012.

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[10] National Energy Efficiency & Conservation Authority (NEECA) http://www.enercon.gov.pk/home.html

[11] The Quick Energy Simulation tool (eQUEST), https://openei.org/wiki/The_Quick_Energy_Simulation_Tool_(eQUEST)#cite_note-equest-1

[12] H. S. Rallapalli, “A comparison of EnergyPlus and eQUEST whole building energy simulation results for a medium sized office building,” Ph.D. dissertation, Arizona State University.

Carbon Footprint Estimation for an Oil & Gas Industry

Vol. 8, Issue 03, PP. 98-102, March 2021

Published online https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.21.80398102

ePub PDF

Abstract

The rapid increment in the amount of greenhouse gases entering the atmosphere is badly impacting life on planet for almost all living organism including human. Nations from all over the world is doing efforts to reduce the amount of greenhouse gases mainly from main made activities in which burning of fossil fuel is the biggest source of today greenhouse gases. The purpose of this research is to recommend a suitable methodology for the estimation of carbon footprint for an oil and gas industry. This research explains how an oil and gas industry can estimate their own carbon footprint in a very easy and simple way. Step by step method is discussed to calculate carbon footprint from all direct emission sources and indirect emission sources like, stationary combustion sources, mobile combustion sources, vented sources and fugitive emission sources in detail. Once the carbon footprint become known to us, a comprehensive plan for its mitigation can be developed and applied which will ultimately lower the overall emission of the industry.

Author

Abdul Aleem: Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan

Hamid Masood: Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan

Sana Ullah Khan: Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan

Cite

Abdul Aleem , Hamid Masood, Sana Ullah Khan “Carbon Footprint Estimation for an Oil & Gas Industry”, International Journal of Engineering Works, Vol. 8, Issue 03, PP. 98-102, March 2021, https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.21.80398102., , ,

References

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IPCC (2006) 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.http://www.ipccnggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/index.html.
Overview of the Oil and Natural Gas Industry | US EPA. (2016). US EPA. Retrieved 4, Feberuary, 2020, from https://www.epa.gov/natural-gas-star-program/overview-oil-and-natural-gas-industry
Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data | US EPA. (2016). US EPA. Retrieved 4 Feberuary, 2021, from https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-data.
Shires, T. M., Loughran, C. J., Jones, S., & Hopkins, E. (2009). Compendium of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Estimation Methodologies for the Oil and Natural Gas Industry. URS Corporation. Washington DC: American Petroleum Institute (API).
Overview of Greenhouse Gases | US EPA. (2015). US EPA. Retrieved 4 August 2018, from https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/overview-greenhouse-gases
IPIECA, American Petroleum Institute (API), and International Association of Oil and Gas Producers (OGP). 2011. Petroleum Industry Guidelines for Reporting Greenhouse Gas Emissions. 2nd ed. http://www.ipieca.org/ publication/guidelines-greenhouse-gas-reporting-2011.
GHG Protocol. 2015. “Calculation Tool for Direct Emissions from Stationary Combustion.” http://www.ghgprotocol.org/calculation-tools/all-tools.

An Analytical Approach to Find DG Integration Capacity by Load Analysis

Vol. 8, Issue 03, PP. 93-97, March 2021

Published online https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.21.8039397

ePub PDF

Abstract

With time the electrical power demand and so the DG penetration has increased highly. As the present conventional power systems structure is not well-suited with these energy generation schemes. Therefore to house this high diffusion of distributed generation proper planning is required. This study offers an analytical approach to compute the optimum site and size of installing DG unit for minimizing power losses. The power injections from DG units deviate the system’s power flows, thus effecting voltage steadiness and the system losses. In the proposed mathematical model, the maximum size of integrating DG at each bus is calculated using the load and injecting power at each bus. The given mathematical model is simulated in MATLAB. The maximum size and site of DG integration is found with a decreasing power losses of the system.

Author

Waseem Ullah Faiz: Department of Electrical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan

Raheel Khan: Department of Electrical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan

Cite

Waseem Ullah Faiz, Raheel khan “An Analytical Approach To Find DG Integration Capacity By Load Analysis”, International Journal of Engineering Works, Vol. 8, Issue 03, PP. 93-97, March 2021, https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.21.8039397., , , ,

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Comparative Analysis of Capacitance Finding Techniques of a Solar Cell

Vol. 8, Issue 03, PP. 85-92, March 2021

Published online https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.21.8038592

ePub PDF

Abstract

Variable capability of the PV module depends on the ability of the photovoltaic cell to be standard. Finding this parameter is not as easy. The finding of capacitance of photovoltaic cell needs high accuracy instrument. Two ways are going to be mentioned during this analysis, one is Electrical phenomenon spectrographic analysis (IS) and alternative one is RLC circuit methodology. The most straight forward methodology for locating capacitance a PV module. The electrical event spectroscopy is the most common way to check the dynamic nature of PV modules. Supported by these methods, the AC parameters, capacitors and dynamic and series registrations of photovoltaic cells will be set. Check out the following signal (Voltage or Current) device. The test device electrical effect will be calculated by taking significant AC voltage and current. The test device electrical effect spectrum will be detected by AC signal frequency variable. Duty equivalent circuit is supported, its components will be determined by capacitance in case of serial fitting method and parallel resistance and photovoltaic cell. Electronic devices are constructed as a load of photovoltaic cells. The ability of photovoltaic cells to detect the frequency of oscillation of gas by menstrual cycle, which happens promptly to connect the electrical device to a photovoltaic cell. By assembling completely different Indicators in photovoltaic cells. The frequency effect on photovoltaic cell capacities has been studied considering the low intensity of capacitance with frequency. This analysis introduces an easy and effective methodology to work out the electrical Capacitance of the photovoltaic cell.

Author

Raheel Khan: Department of Electrical Engineering,UET Peshawar, Pakistan

Waseem Ullah Faiz: Department of Electrical Engineering,UET Peshawar, Pakistan

Cite

Raheel khan, Waseem Ullah Faiz “Comparative Analysis of Capacitance Finding Techniques of a Solar Cell”, International Journal of Engineering Works, Vol. 8, Issue 03, PP. 85-92, March 2021, https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.21.8038592.

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Kim, K.A.; Seo, G.S.; Cho, B.H.; Krein, P.T. Photovoltaic Hot-Spot Detection for Solar Panel Substrings Using AC Parameter Characterization. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 2016, 31, 1121–1130. [CrossRef]
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A Modified Memory-Efficient U-Net for Segmentation of Polyps

Vol. 8, Issue 04, PP. 132-137, April 2021

Published online https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.21.804132137

ePub PDF

Abstract

Author

Asif Ahmad: Department of Basic Sciences, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Noor Badshah: Department of Basic Sciences, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Mahmood Ul Hassan: Department of Basic Sciences, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Cite

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