International Journal of Engineering Works

In Press

The Reliability Analysis of PV Panels Installed in KP Region

Published online https://doi.org/

Abstract

Reliability and long term performance of photovoltaic (PV) system is of vital importance in switching from conventional sources to sustainable one. Design, study and analysis of key components in a photovoltaic power system starting from generation of power to withstands number of climatic stresses and uninterrupted power supply plays a key role. One of the key elements in photovoltaic system is photovoltaic module. Also power generated in photovoltaic system is dependent on a source of energy that changes in every instant and with the passage of time during its operation .Hence it is paramount to build a long lasting photovoltaic module and analyze characteristics of the PV module under various conditions. This paper presents an efficient PV module based on PV equivalent circuit model using MATLAB/Simulink, and compared the simulated model results with manufacturer’s specifications like peak current, peak voltage, open circuit voltage and short circuit current .Also the performance of the module under variation of series resistance, irradiation, and temperature are analyzed. Data from five different areas across KP are noted and the results were Simulated and compared with the rated data.

Author

Cite

References

Response of Maize Yield Parameters to Different Inter Row Spacings and Sowing Methods

Published online https://doi.org/

Abstract

A field work was conducted to evaluate the response maize yield parameters to different inter row spacing and sowing methods in district Mardan of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, in 2019. A Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) was used for setting the experiment. All the treatments were replicated three times in the experiment. Five treatments i.e. S1 (Flat sowing with inter row spacing 0.60 m), S2 (Ridge-Furrow sowing with inter row spacing 0.60 m), S3 (Ridge-Furrow sowing with inter row spacing 0.75 m), S4 (Bed sowing with inter row spacing 0.60 m, in two row sowing, bed width 0.60 m) and S5 (Bed sowing with row spacing 0.75 m, in two row sowing, bed width 0.60 m) were evaluated. After performing the statistical analysis of the recorded data, it was noted that flat treatment S1 produced statically significant (P<0.05) higher kernel number (4.74 × 107 ha-1). While S5 produced minimum (3.52 × 107 ha-1) kernel number. Statistically no difference was observed in kernel number for S2, S3 and S4. Similarly, no significant difference was examined for number of rows per ear, number of kernels per row and number of kernels per ear among the different sowing methods. Therefore, it was concluded that to maximize maize kernel number (yield) it is suggested to use the flat method of sowing keeping the inter row spacing 0.60 m.

Author

Cite

References

view all

Current Issue - 2020

Improving Efficiency and Stability of Organic Solar Cell

Vol. 7, Issue 10, PP. 375-378, October 2020

Published online https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.20.710375378

ePub PDF

Abstract

Efficiency and stability are the main challenges of organic solar cells. In this research novel structure is investigated for organic solar cell which has improved efficiency and improved stability. Blend of PTB7 and PCBM elements was used for the active layer of cell. Thickness of this layer was varied from 80nm to 200nm and selected the optimized thickness of 90nm. On which the cell has maximum efficiency of 12.24 %. The influence of window layer material such as Zinc oxide (ZnO) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) with various electrode materials including Indium tin oxide (ITO), Fluorine tin oxide (FTO), aluminum (Al) Silver (Ag) and Gold (Au) with different combinations have been investigated with the objective to enhance the absorption and PCE of the cell. Also varied the thicknesses of these different layers and selected the optimized thickness on which the cell had maximum efficiency. The structure of the proposed scheme was observed with ITO/Al as top and bottom electrode with thicknesses of 125nm and 100nm respectively and found that this holds the highest performance parameters including Jsc=0.130(mA/m2), Voc= 1 (V), FF=94.1% and ƞ=12.24% respectively as compared to different electrode combination and window layers with the same photoactive absorber material PTB7: PCBM. This indicates that the proposed structure can be a good choice for replacing less efficient in-organic cell.

Author

Muhammad Zeeshan: Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Cite

Muhammad Zeeshan, Improving Efficiency and Stability of Organic Solar Cell, International Journal of Engineering Works, Vol. 7, Issue 10, PP. 375-378, October 2020, https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.20.710375378., , ,

References

[1] Goetzberger, A., J. Luther, and G. Willeke, Solar cells: past, present, future. Solar energy materials and solar cells, 2002. 74(1-4): p. 1-11.

[2] Bagher, A.M., Comparison of organic solar cells and inorganic solar cells. International Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, 2014. 3(3): p. 53-58.

[3] Goetzberger, A., J. Knobloch, and B. Voss, Crystalline silicon solar cells. New York, 1998: p. 114-118.

[4] Green, M.A., Corrigendum to ‘Solar cell efficiency tables (version 46)’[Prog. Photovolt: Res. Appl. 2015; 23: 805–812]. Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, 2015. 23(9): p. 1202-1202.

[5] Sahare, S.A., Enhancing the Photovoltaic Efficiency of a Bulk Heterojunction Organic Solar Cell. 2016.

[6] Winder, C., et al., Sensitization of low bandgap polymer bulk heterojunction solar cells. Thin Solid Films, 2002. 403: p. 373-379.

[7] Zhang, F., et al., High photovoltage achieved in low band gap polymer solar cells by adjusting energy levels of a polymer with the LUMOs of fullerene derivatives. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 2008. 18(45): p. 5468-5474.

[8] Tang, C.W., Two‐layer organic photovoltaic cell. Applied physics letters, 1986. 48(2): p. 183-185.

[9] 松本真哉, et al., 真空蒸着膜におけるビスアゾメチン色素の J 会合体. 色材協会誌, 2006. 79(11): p. 503-510.

[10] Peet, J., et al., Efficiency enhancement in low-bandgap polymer solar cells by processing with alkane dithiols. Nature materials, 2007. 6(7): p. 497-500.

[11] Schlenker, C.W. and M.E. Thompson, The molecular nature of photovoltage losses in organic solar cells. Chemical Communications, 2011. 47(13): p. 3702-3716.

[12] Chen, C.-C., et al., Visibly transparent polymer solar cells produced by solution processing. ACS nano, 2012. 6(8): p. 7185-7190.

[13] Li, J. and N. Wu, Semiconductor-based photocatalysts and photoelectrochemical cells for solar fuel generation: a review. Catalysis Science & Technology, 2015. 5(3): p. 1360-1384.

[14] Verploegen, E., et al., Manipulating the morphology of P3HT–PCBM bulk heterojunction blends with solvent vapor annealing. Chemistry of Materials, 2012. 24(20): p. 3923-3931.

[15] Jørgensen, M., et al., Stability of polymer solar cells. Advanced materials, 2012. 24(5): p. 580-612.

[16] Zhao, J., et al., Phase diagram of P3HT/PCBM blends and its implication for the stability of morphology. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 2009. 113(6): p. 1587-1591.

[17] Ouyang, J., Solution-processed PEDOT: PSS films with conductivities as indium tin oxide through a treatment with mild and weak organic acids. ACS applied materials & interfaces, 2013. 5(24): p. 13082-13088.

[18] Lipomi, D.J., et al., Electronic properties of transparent conductive films of PEDOT: PSS on stretchable substrates. Chemistry of Materials, 2012. 24(2): p. 373-382.

[19] Lang, U., N. Naujoks, and J. Dual, Mechanical characterization of PEDOT: PSS thin films. Synthetic Metals, 2009. 159(5-6): p. 473-479.

[20] Burgelman, M., et al., Modeling thin‐film PV devices. Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, 2004. 12(2‐3): p. 143-153.

[21] Farooq, W., et al., Enhancing the absorption and power conversion efficiency of organic solar cells. International journal of engineering works, 2019. 6: p. 94-97.

[22] MacKenzie, R.C., et al., Modeling nongeminate recombination in P3HT: PCBM solar cells. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2011. 115(19): p. 9806-9813.

[23] Hanfland, R., et al., The physical meaning of charge extraction by linearly increasing voltage transients from organic solar cells. Applied Physics Letters, 2013. 103(6): p. 063904.

[24] Deschler, F., et al., Increasing organic solar cell efficiency with polymer interlayers. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 2013. 15(3): p. 764-769.

[25] MacKenzie, R.C., et al., Extracting microscopic device parameters from transient photocurrent measurements of P3HT: PCBM solar cells. Advanced Energy Materials, 2012. 2(6): p. 662-669.

[26] Koster, L.J.A., et al. Performance enhancement of poly (3-hexylthiophene): methanofullerene bulk-heterojunction solar cells. in Organic Photovoltaics VII. 2006. International Society for Optics and Photonics.

[27] Koster, L., V. Mihailetchi, and P. Blom, Ultimate efficiency of polymer/fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cells. Applied Physics Letters, 2006. 88(9): p. 093511.

[28] Apaydın, D.H., et al., Optimizing the organic solar cell efficiency: role of the active layer thickness. Solar energy materials and solar cells, 2013. 113: p. 100-105.

[29] Hanna, M. and A. Nozik, Solar conversion efficiency of photovoltaic and photoelectrolysis cells with carrier multiplication absorbers. Journal of Applied Physics, 2006. 100(7): p. 074510.

[30] Fabiano, S., et al., Role of photoactive layer morphology in high fill factor all-polymer bulk heterojunction solar cells. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 2011. 21(16): p. 5891-5896.

[31] Vandewal, K., et al., The relation between open‐circuit voltage and the onset of photocurrent generation by charge‐transfer absorption in polymer: fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cells. Advanced Functional Materials, 2008. 18(14): p. 2064-2070.

Enhancing Service Life of Power Transformer through Inhibiting the Degradation of Insulating oil by New Approach

Vol. 7, Issue 10, PP. 369-374, October 2020

Published online https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.20.710369374

ePub PDF

Abstract

Oil reclamation is a transformer insulation reconditioning technique which may be used as on-line or off-line. However, there is a need of evidence showing the effect of this process on conditions of the paper insulation, which indeed affects the life span of a transformer. This research work focuses on oil reclamation experiment on an old retired distribution transformer. Electrical testing and post-mortem analysis of the transformer were conducted, aimed at investigating the design aspects and collecting information on the insulation conditions prior to the oil reclamation. Temperature and moisture sensors were installed to monitor the conditions within the transformer during the oil reclamation [2]. The experimental process of transformer Oil reclamation was performed into two phases, with regular oil sampling to analyze the changes in key oil parameters, namely acidity number (AN), moisture and breakdown voltage (BV). This was accompanied by paper sampling at the end of each reclamation cycle to study the effects of oil reclamation on properties, particularly moisture, LMA and degree of polymerization. The transformer which was used for the entire experimental process was about 45 years old, 200kVA, 1100 / 415-240V distribution transformer. In order to study the long-term effect of oil reclamation, oil samples were collected from an on-site reclamation exercise performed in a laboratory-accelerated thermal ageing experiment. Oil samples collected before and after the reclamation were aged alongside new oils for comparison [4]. Through the regular monitoring and measurement of oil parameters (AN, moisture and BD strength) over 144 hours and paper parameters (LMA, moisture and DP) at specific stages of phase 1, it was observed that the transformer oil-paper insulation system was significantly improved.

The entire research work was performed into two phases (phase 1 and phase 2). The “phase 1” was aimed to improve and restore the oil parameters comparable to the parameters of new oil as specified in “IEC-60296” and its effect on the paper insulation. “Phase 2” was aimed to compare the life span of reclaimed oil filled transformer with the transformer in which aged oil has been replaced by new oil[6]. Effective study of oil reclamation was analyzed through laboratory accelerated aging experiment and real time application on a 45 years old transformer. Through the regular monitoring and measurement of oil parameters (AN, moisture and BD strength) over 144 hours and paper parameters (LMA, moisture and DP) at specific stages of phase1, it was observed that the transformer oil-paper insulation system was significantly improved [15].

Author

Yasir Khan: Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan

Muhammad Iftikhar Khan: Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan

Cite

Yasir Khan and Muhammad Iftikhar Khan, Enhancing Service Life of Power Transformer through Inhibiting the Degradation of Insulating oil by, International Journal of Engineering Works, https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.20.710369374.,

References

[1] A. J. Kachler and I. Hohlein, "Aging of cellulose at transformer service temperatures. Part 1: Influence of type of oil and air on the degree of polymerization of pressboard, dissolved gases, and furanic compounds in oil," IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, vol. 21, pp. 15-21, 2005.

[2] J. Schneider, A. J. Gaul, C. Neumann, J. Hogräfer, W. Wellßow, M. Schwan, and A. Schnettler, "Asset management techniques," International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, vol. 28, pp. 643-654, 2006.

[3] A. Jahromi, R. Piercy, S. Cress, J. Service, and W. Fan, "An approach to power transformer asset management using health index," IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, vol. 25, pp. 20-34, 2009.

[4] D. F. García, B. Garcia, and J. C. Burgos, "Modeling power transformer field drying processes," Drying Technology, vol. 29, pp. 896-909, 2011.

[5] J. Almendros-Ibaez, J. C. Burgos, and B. Garcia, "Transformer field drying procedures: a theoretical analysis," IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 24, pp. 1978-1986, 2009.

[6] Q. L. N. Azis, Z.D. Wang, D. Jones, B. Wells ,G.M. Wallwork, "Experience of Oil Re-generation on a 132 kV Distribution Transformer," presented at the International Conference on Condition Monitoring and Diagnosis (CMD), 2014.

[7] W. G. A.-. (Declerq), "“Thermal performance of Transformers”, Technical brochure No 393," CIGRE, 2010.

[8] P. Jarman, Z. Wang, Q. Zhong, and T. Ishak, "End-of-life modelling for power transformers in aged power system networks," in CIGRE 6th Southern Africa regional conference, 2009.

[9] B. Pahlavanpour, R. Linaker, and E. Povazan, "Extension of life span of power transformer by on-site improvement of insulating oils," in 6th International Conference on Dielectric Materials, Measurements and Applications, 1992, pp. 260-263.

[10] T. Rouse, "Mineral insulating oil in transformers," IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, vol. 14, pp. 6-16, 1998.

[11] P. Hodges, Hydraulic fluids: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1996.

[12] M. Heathcote, J & P transformer book: Newnes, 2011.

[13] A. Emsley and G. Stevens, "Review of chemical indicators of degradation of cellulosic electrical paper insulation in oil-filled transformers," IEE Proceedings - Science, Measurement and Technology, vol. 141, pp. 324-334, 1994.

[14] L. E. Lundgaard, W. Hansen, D. Linhjell, and T. J. Painter, "Aging of oil-impregnated paper in power transformers," IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 19, pp. 230-239, 2004.

[15] E. Brancato, "Insulation aging a historical and critical review," IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation, pp. 308-317, 1978.

[16] A. White, "The desired properties and their effect on the life history of insulating papers used in a fluid-filled power transformer," in IEE Colloquium on Assessment of Degradation Within Transformer Insulation Systems, 1991, pp. 4/1-4/4

Designing and Analysis of Single Stage and Two Stage PV Inverter Connected to Weak Grid System

Vol. 7, Issue 10, PP. 361-368, October 2020

Published online https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.20.710361368

ePub PDF

Abstract

In this research paper design, analysis and comparison of single stage and two stages Photovoltaic inverter connected to weak grid system is executed in terms of their maximum power point tracking, DC link voltage regulation, power factor and overall efficiency. Majority of the commercial and industrial loads are inductive in nature and result in a very low lagging power factor. However renewable energy sources have no reactive power generation and lagging power factor results in a weak grid system. For this purpose control mechanism comprises of three objectives is proposed in this research paper. These objectives are to obtain highest amount of power from photovoltaic array, the power must be deliver from photovoltaic array into the utility grid at unity power factor and to maintain desired voltage at the input of the inverter. In order to achieve these objectives nonlinear control mechanism of Photovoltaic inverter connected to weak grid system is established and implemented based on accurate mathematical modeling and by using Backstepping technique and Lyapunov Stability analysis. PI controller is used for the purpose to maintain desired voltage at input of the inverter according to the requirement of inverter. Both single stage and two stage models are developed and simulated in Simulink/Matlab environment.

Author

Naveed Malik: Department of Electrical Energy System Engineering, US-Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Energy(USPCAS-E), UET, Peshawar

Sami Ullah: Department of Electrical Energy System Engineering, US-Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Energy(USPCAS-E), UET, Peshawar

Amir Khan: Department of Electrical Energy System Engineering, US-Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Energy(USPCAS-E), UET, Peshawar

Farhan Ullah: Department of Electrical Energy System Engineering, US-Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Energy(USPCAS-E), UET, Peshawar

Cite

Naveed Malik, Sami Ullah, Amir Khan and Farhan Ullah, Designing and Analysis of Single Stage and Two Stage PV Inverter Connected to Weak Grid System, International Journal of Engineering Works, Vol. 7, Issue 10, PP. 361-368, October 2020, https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.20.710361369., , , , ,

References

D. Poponi, “Analysis of diffusion paths for photovoltaic technology based on experience curves,” Sol. Energy, vol. 74, no. 4, pp. 331–340, Apr. 2003, doi: 10.1016/S0038-092X(03)00151-8.

[2] Fangrui Liu, Yong Kang, Yu Zhang, and Shanxu Duan, “Comparison of P&O and hill climbing MPPT methods for grid-connected PV converter,” in 2008 3rd IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications, Singapore, Jun. 2008, pp. 804–807, doi: 10.1109/ICIEA.2008.4582626.

[3] N. Femia, G. Petrone, G. Spagnuolo, and M. Vitelli, “Optimization of Perturb and Observe Maximum Power Point Tracking Method,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 963–973, Jul. 2005, doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2005.850975.

[4] B. M. T. Ho and H. S.-H. Chung, “An Integrated Inverter With Maximum Power Tracking for Grid-Connected PV Systems,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 953–962, Jul. 2005, doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2005.850906.

[5] Bo Yang, Wuhua Li, Yi Zhao, and Xiangning He, “Design and Analysis of a Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Power System,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 992–1000, Apr. 2010, doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2009.2036432.

[6] Yeong-Chau Kuo, Tsorng-Juu Liang, and Jiann-Fuh Chen, “Novel maximum-power-point-tracking controller for photovoltaic energy conversion system,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 594–601, Jun. 2001, doi: 10.1109/41.925586.

[7] A. Koran, K. Sano, and R.-Y. Kim, “Design of a Photovoltaic Simulator with a Novel Reference Signal Generator and Two-Stage LC Output Filter,” p. 8.

[8] D. Casadei, G. Grandi, and C. Rossi, “Single-Phase Single-Stage Photovoltaic Generation System Based on a Ripple Correlation Control Maximum Power Point Tracking,” IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 562–568, Jun. 2006, doi: 10.1109/TEC.2005.853784.

[9] Y. Huang, M. Shen, F. Z. Peng, and J. Wang, “$Z$-Source Inverter for Residential Photovoltaic Systems,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 21, no. 6, pp. 1776–1782, Nov. 2006, doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2006.882913.

[10] S. B. Kjaer, J. K. Pedersen, and F. Blaabjerg, “A Review of Single-Phase Grid-Connected Inverters for Photovoltaic Modules,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 41, no. 5, pp. 1292–1306, Sep. 2005, doi: 10.1109/TIA.2005.853371.

[11] V. Ravindran, S. K. Ronnberg, T. Busatto, and M. H. J. Bollen, “Inspection of interharmonic emissions from a grid-tied PV inverter in North Sweden,” in 2018 18th International Conference on Harmonics and Quality of Power (ICHQP), Ljubljana, May 2018, pp. 1–6, doi: 10.1109/ICHQP.2018.8378887.

[12] B. N. Alajmi, K. H. Ahmed, G. P. Adam, and B. W. Williams, “Single-Phase Single-Stage Transformer less Grid-Connected PV System,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 2664–2676, Jun. 2013, doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2012.2228280.

[13] L. Chen, A. Amirahmadi, Q. Zhang, N. Kutkut, and I. Batarseh, “Design and Implementation of Three-Phase Two-Stage Grid-Connected Module Integrated Converter,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 29, no. 8, pp. 3881–3892, Aug. 2014, doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2013.2294933.

[14] H. Hu, S. Harb, N. H. Kutkut, Z. J. Shen, and I. Batarseh, “A Single-Stage Microinverter Without Using Eletrolytic Capacitors,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 2677–2687, Jun. 2013, doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2012.2224886.

[15] N. Sukesh, M. Pahlevaninezhad, and P. K. Jain, “Analysis and Implementation of a Single-Stage Flyback PV Microinverter With Soft Switching,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 61, no. 4, pp. 1819–1833, Apr. 2014, doi: 10.1109/TIE.2013.2263778.

[16] Y.-H. Kim, Y.-H. Ji, J.-G. Kim, Y.-C. Jung, and C.-Y. Won, “A New Control Strategy for Improving Weighted Efficiency in Photovoltaic AC Module-Type Interleaved Flyback Inverters,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 2688–2699, Jun. 2013, doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2012.2226753.

[17] C. Meza, D. Biel, D. Jeltsema, and J. M. A. Scherpen, “Lyapunov-Based Control Scheme for Single-Phase Grid-Connected PV Central Inverters,” IEEE Trans. Control Syst. Technol., vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 520–529, Mar. 2012, doi: 10.1109/TCST.2011.2114348.

[18] F. Blaabjerg, R. Teodorescu, M. Liserre, and A. V. Timbus, “Overview of Control and Grid Synchronization for Distributed Power Generation Systems,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 53, no. 5, pp. 1398–1409, Oct. 2006, doi: 10.1109/TIE.2006.881997.

[19] J. He and Y. W. Li, “Generalized Closed-Loop Control Schemes with Embedded Virtual Impedances for Voltage Source Converters with LC or LCL Filters,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 1850–1861, Apr. 2012, doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2011.2168427.

Serial Robot Collision Reaction using Joints Data at Stationary Position

Vol. 7, Issue 10, PP. 356-360, October 2020

Published online https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.20.710356360

ePub PDF

Abstract

This paper present a method for detecting collision occurs in the robot manipulator and reacting according to collision direction. An experiment was conducted to read the joints speed during collision of the UR3 robot at static position, where the joints speeds are supposed to be zero. The experiment showed that when collision occurs within the manipulator there is oscillatory speed produced in joints, which is suggested to be duo to the stiffness of the harmonic drive. The harmonic drive is a flexible transmission generates stiffness behavior, as a spring, between the motor and the link. The collision is determined from the oscillatory speed produced in robot joints at static position. The method successfully identified the collision impact at joints, and reacted according to the collision direction. The experimental setup and the results are presented in this paper.

Author

Omar Abdelaziz: Hefei Institute of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Science, Hefei 230031, China, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Egyptian Russian University, Egypt, Institute of Intelligent Manufacturing Technology, Jiangsu Industrial Technology Research Institute, Nanjing, 211800, China.

Minzhou Luo: University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Institute of Intelligent Manufacturing Technology, Jiangsu Industrial Technology Research Institute, Nanjing, 211800, China.

Cite

Omar Abdelaziz and Minzhou Luo, Serial Robot Collision Reaction using Joints Data at Stationary Position, International Journal of Engineering Works, Vol. 7, Issue 10, PP. 356-360, October 2020, https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.20.710356360.,

References

[1] I. Maurtua, A. Ibarguren, J. Kildal, L. Susperregi, and B. Sierra, “Human-robot collaboration in industrial applications: Safety, interaction and trust,” Int. J. Adv. Robot. Syst., vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 1–10, 2017.

[2] P. A. Lasota, T. Fong, and J. A. Shah, “A Survey of Methods for Safe Human-Robot Interaction,” Found. Trends Robot., vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 261–349, 2017.

[3] S. Haddadin, A. Albu-Schäffer, A. De Luca, and G. Hirzinger, “Collision detection and reaction: A contribution to safe physical human-robot interaction,” in 2008 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, IROS, 2008, pp. 3356–3363.

[4] O. Abdelaziz, M. Luo, G. Jiang, and S. Chen, “Adaptive threshold for robot manipulator collision detection using fuzzy system,” SN Appl. Sci., vol. 2, no. 3, p. 319, Mar. 2020.

[5] X. Lamy, F. Colledani, F. Geffard, Y. Measson, and G. Morel, “Achieving efficient and stable comanipulation through adaptation to changes in human arm impedance,” in Proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, 2009, pp. 265–271.

[6] D. J. Braun et al., “Robots driven by compliant actuators: Optimal control under actuation constraints,” IEEE Trans. Robot., vol. 29, no. 5, pp. 1085–1101, Oct. 2013.

[7] S. Lu, J. H. Chung, and S. A. Velinsky, “Human-robot collision detection and identification based on wrist and base force/torque sensors,” in Proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, 2005, vol. 2005, pp. 3796–3801.

[8] O. Sim, J. Oh, K. K. Lee, and J. H. Oh, “Collision Detection and Safe Reaction Algorithm for Non-backdrivable Manipulator with Single Force/Torque Sensor,” Journal of Intelligent and Robotic Systems: Theory and Applications, Springer Netherlands, pp. 1–10, 13-Oct-2017.

[9] M. Fritzsche, N. Elkmann, and E. Schulenburg, “Tactile Sensing : A Key Technology for Safe Physical Human Robot Interaction,” in Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Human-robot interaction, 2011, pp. 139–140.

[10] C. Bartolozzi, L. Natale, F. Nori, and G. Metta, “Robots with a sense of touch,” Nature Materials, vol. 15, no. 9. Springer Nature, pp. 921–925, 01-Sep-2016.

[11] J. Ulmen and M. Cutkosky, “A robust, low-cost and low-noise artificial skin for human-friendly robots,” in Proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, 2010, pp. 4836–4841.

[12] S. D. Lee, M. C. Kim, and J. B. Song, “Sensorless collision detection for safe human-robot collaboration,” in IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, 2015, pp. 2392–2397.

[13] A. De Luca and R. Mattone, “Sensorless robot collision detection and hybrid force/motion control,” in Proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, 2005, no. April, pp. 999–1004.

[14] S. Chen, M. Luo, O. Abdelaziz, and G. Jiang, “A general analytical algorithm for collaborative robot (cobot) with 6 degree of freedom (DOF),” in Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Conference on Applied System Innovation: Applied System Innovation for Modern Technology, ICASI 2017, 2017, pp. 698–701.

[15] R. Cortesao, C. Sousa, and P. Queiros, “Active impedance control design for human-robot comanipulation,” in American Control Conference, 2010, pp. 2805–2810.

[16] S. Haddadin, “Towards Safe Robots: Approaching Asimov’s 1st Law,” Springer Tracts Adv. Robot., pp. 1–352, 2011.

[17] S. Chen, M. Luo, G. Jiang, and O. Abdelaziz, “Collaborative robot zero moment control for direct teaching based on self-measured gravity and friction,” Int. J. Adv. Robot. Syst., vol. 15, no. 6, 2018.

[18] H. D. Taghirad and P. R. Belanger, “An experimental study on modelling and identification of harmonic drive systems,” in Proceedings of 35th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, 1996, pp. 4725–4730.

[19] Universal Robots, “UR3 Robot,” 2017. [Online]. Available: https://www.universal-robots.com/products/ur3-robot/. [Accessed: 14-May-2018].

[20] O. Abdelaziz, M. Luo, G. Jiang, and S. Chen, “Multiple configurations for puncturing robot positioning,” International Journal of Advance Robotics & Expert Systems (JARES), 06-Mar-2019. [Online]. Available: https://airccse.com/jares/papers/1419jares01.pdf. [Accessed: 01-Feb-2020].

[21] G. Jiang, M. Luo, L. Lu, K. Bai, O. Abdelaziz, and S. Chen, “Vision solution for an assisted puncture robotics system positioning,” Appl. Opt., vol. 57, no. 28, p. 8385, Oct. 2018.

[22] A. De Luca and W. J. Book, “Robots with Flexible Elements,” in Springer Handbook of Robotics, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016, pp. 243–282.

[23] M. W. Spong, “Modeling and Control of Elastic Joint Robots,” J. Dyn. Syst. Meas. Control, vol. 109, no. 4, p. 310, Dec. 1987.

Retrofitting of RC Beam Structure Member by using CFRP

Vol. 7, Issue 10, PP. 350-355, October 2020

Published online https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.20.710350355

ePub PDF

Abstract

The research has been lead relating the use of carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets in retrofitting and strengthening of the reinforced concrete member. The present research was conducted by using the epoxy to reinforced concrete beams retrofitted and strengthened for flexural strength by using CFRP sheet. The selected cross-section of the beam having 2400 mm length with 150 mm width and 225 mm height and the beam tension reinforcement on the bottom was set on 2#4bar@1.5" with the 38.1 mm clear cover was set to the main flexural reinforcement. The studied beam was focused on flexural behaviour. The experimental study has shown that while the using of CFRP with epoxy will improve the rigidity and durability of the concrete beam. Their great deformability greatly improves the seismic properties of the beam structures. Under the reinforced RC beams showed a very large deflection by control beam before their failure. By using CFRP externally the rigidity of retrofitted and strengthened beams can be improved.

Author

Ismail Shah: School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Yunnan Agricultural University, 650000, Kunming China.

Li Jing: School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Yunnan Agricultural University, 650000, Kunming China.

Shahid Ayaz: MSCE scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, Abasyn University, Peshawar Pakistan.

Waqas Ali: US-Pakistan Center for Advanced Study in Energy, National University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan.

Abdullah: Department of Civil Engineering, Sarhad University of Science & Information Technology, Peshawar Pakistan.

Nauman Khan: School of Civil Engineering, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology Jiangsu China.

Cite

Ismail Shah, Li Jing, Shahid Ayaz, Waqas Ali, Abdullah and Nauman Khan, Retrofitting of RC Beam Structure Member by using CFRP, International Journal of Engineering Works, Vol. 7, Issue 10, PP. 350-355, October 2020, https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.20.710350354., , , , , , , ,

References

[1] Ismail, N. and N. Khattak, Building typologies prevalent in Northern Pakistan and their performance during the 2015 Hindu Kush Earthquake. Earthquake Spectra, 2016. 32(4): p. 2473-2493.

[2] Peiris, N., et al., Mission: October 8 2005 Kashmir earthquake, preliminary report. 2006.

[3] Peiris, N., et al., EEFIT mission: October 8, 2005 Kashmir earthquake. Published Report, The institution of structural engineers, London, 2006.

[4] Karzad, A.S., et al. Repair of reinforced concrete beams using carbon fiber reinforced polymer. in MATEC Web of Conferences. 2017. EDP Sciences.

[5] Toutanji, H., L. Zhao, and Y. Zhang, Flexural behavior of reinforced concrete beams externally strengthened with CFRP sheets bonded with an inorganic matrix. Engineering structures, 2006. 28(4): p. 557-566.

[6] Yang, D.-S. and S.-K. Park, An experimental study on the flexural behavior of RC beams with cementitious repair materials. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 2002. 6(1): p. 11-17.

[7] Kachlakev, D. and D. McCurry, Behavior of full-scale reinforced concrete beams retrofitted for shear and flexural with FRP laminates. Composites Part B: Engineering, 2000. 31(6-7): p. 445-452.

[8] Khalifa, A. and A. Nanni, Rehabilitation of rectangular simply supported RC beams with shear deficiencies using CFRP composites. Construction and building materials, 2002. 16(3): p. 135-146.

[9] Shehata, I., E. Cerqueira, and C. Pinto. Strengthening of RC beams in flexure and shear using. in FRPRCS-5: Fibre-reinforced Plastics for Reinforced Concrete Structures: Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Fibre-Reinforced Plastics for Reinforced Concrete Structures, Cambridge, UK, 16-18 July 2001. 2001. Thomas Telford.

[10] Khalifa, A., et al. Shear strengthening of continuous RC beams using externally bonded CFRP sheets. in American Concrete Institute, Proc., 4th International Symposium on FRP for Reinforcement of Concrete Structures (FRPRCS4), Baltimore, MD. 1999. Citeseer.

[11] David, E., C. Djelal, and F. Buyle-Bodin, Repair and strengthening of reinforced concrete beams using composite materials. 2nd international PhD Symposiumin civil engineering, Budapest, 1998: p. 23-34.

[12] Shahawy, M., et al., Reinforced concrete rectangular beams strengthened with CFRP laminates. Composites Part B: Engineering, 1996. 27(3-4): p. 225-233.

[13] Ferreira, A., On the shear-deformation theories for the analysis of concrete shells reinforced with external composite laminates. Strength of materials, 2003. 35(2): p. 128-135.

[14] Wenwei, W. and L. Guo, Experimental study and analysis of RC beams strengthened with CFRP laminates under sustaining load. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 2006. 43(6): p. 1372-1387.

[15] Grace, N., et al., Strengthening of continuous beams using fiber reinforced polymer laminates. Special Publication, 1999. 188: p. 647-658.

[16] Aiello, M., L. Valente, and A. Rizzo, Moment redistribution in continuous reinforced concrete beams strengthened with carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer laminates. Mechanics of composite materials, 2007. 43(5): p. 453-466.

[17] Pellegrino, C. and M. Vasic, Assessment of design procedures for the use of externally bonded FRP composites in shear strengthening of reinforced concrete beams. Composites Part B: Engineering, 2013. 45(1): p. 727-741.

[18] 440, A.C.I.C. Guide for the Design and Construction of Externally Bonded FRP Systems for Strengthening Concrete Structures: ACI 440.2 R-08. 2008. American Concrete Institute.

[19] Adsam Gideon, D. and P. Alagusundaramoorthy, Flexural retrofit of RC beams using CFRP laminates. MS&E, 2018. 431(7): p. 072006.

Application of Self-reported Drivers’ Behavior Questionnaire in Private Vehicles (Motorcar) in Peshawar

Vol. 7, Issue 10, PP. 342-349, October 2020

Published online https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.20.710342349

ePub PDF

Abstract

Transportation plays an essential role in our everyday lives. Transportation planners often looking for systems that are efficient, reliable, and safe. One of the most significant factors in road accidents and public safety is the behavior of drivers. The Driver Behavior Questionnaire (DBQ) has not been used in Peshawar to find driver behavior. The dream of a secure and effective transportation network seems to exacerbate these conditions. The complete DBQ method is essential to find the effectiveness of the DBQ. The Driver Behavior Questionnaire (DBQ) was split into four separate sections. There were three major categories of driver behavior: mistakes, slips and lapses, violations, and unintentional violations. The respondents had to rate themselves on a scale of 1 to 3, how good they think they are, how healthy they think they are. The report concludes with a list of recommendations on how drivers can improve their behavior. Survey was performed at colleges and public buildings in parking lots. Drivers were questioned directly in the parking lot. 250 questionnaires were filled out in total. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was mainly used for the analysis of the data. Almost 64% of people do not have a driving license. 62% consider the process of getting a license difficult while 29% consider it of no use, and they believe they do not need it. Drivers with no driving license do more speeding than those who have a license. Most of the respondents were of the opinion to have strict enforcement of traffic rules, mandatory training before issuing a driving license.

Author

Wajidullah: National Institute of Urban Infrastructure Planning, University of Engineering & Technology Peshawar

Safiullah: National Institute of Urban Infrastructure Planning, University of Engineering & Technology Peshawar

Muhmmad Adil Khan:National Institute of Urban Infrastructure Planning, University of Engineering & Technology Peshawar

Cite

Wajidullah, Safiullah, Muhmmad Adil Khan, Application of Self-reported Drivers’ Behavior Questionnaire in Private Vehicles (Motorcar) in P, International Journal of Engineering Works, Vol. 7, Issue 10, PP. 342-349, October 2020, https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.20.710342349., ,

References

[1] Bener, A., Ozkan, T., & Lajunen, T. (2008). The Driver Behaviour Questionnaire in Arab Gulf Countries: Qatar and United Arab Emirates. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 1411-1417.

[2] Hartley, P. N. (1995). Aberrant driving behaviour: errors and violations. Ergonomics, VOL. 38(NO. 09), 1759-1771.

[3] NHTSA, N. (2013). Traffic Safety Facts. Washington, DC 20590: National Center for Statistics and Analysis, U.S. Department of Transportation.

[4] Reason, J., Manstead, A., Stradling, S., Baxter, J., & Campbell, K. (1990). Errors and violations on the roads: a real distintion? Ergonomics, 33, 1315-1332.

[5] Rescue 1122, P. (2011, March Saturday). Performance of Rescue 1122. Retrieved from Punjab Emergency Service: http://www.rescue.gov.pk/Performance.aspx

[6] WHO. (2013). Global status report on road safety. WHO.

[7] Winter, J. d., & Dodou, D. (2010). The Driver Behaviour Questionnaire as a predictor of accidents: A meta-analysis. Journal of Safety Research, 463-470.

[8] Zia, A. (2013, January Sunday). KP & Fata. Retrieved from The Express Tribune: http://tribune.com.pk/story/493217/rescue-1122-registers-busy-year-as-violence-soars/

Evaluation of PSD Models for the Estimation of Hydraulic Conductivity for Different Soil Textural Classes

Vol. 7, Issue 10, PP. 338-341, October 2020

Published online https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.20.710338341

ePub PDF

Abstract

The Hydraulic conductivity (K) of soil, is an important parameter that is used to predict the movement of water and the dissolved contaminants, if any, through it. It can be determined through different in-situ and lab methods; however, it can also be determined easily, using the PSD models or empirical equations developed for this purpose. These equations specifically utilize the particle size distribution (PSD) data of the soil, as movement of water, and hence the hydraulic conductivity depends upon the types and sizes of the soil particles. Most of these equations have been developed for the coarse-grained soil only like the sand and gravel, and some of them only consider the fine-textured soil. In actual condition, soil is not present only as the sand or gravel or as fine-textured only but is the combination of three important particles, which are sand, silt, and clay, due to which the permeability of the soil is affected. This research work is based on the hypothesis that the formulas developed for the estimation of K, the hydraulic conductivity of the soil, may not work properly due to the presence of other particles. For this, different empirical models were considered for only four textural classes of the soil i.e., sand, loamy sand, sandy loam, and silt loam. It was found that as the number of fine particles increases in the sand the formulas do not give a good estimate of the K value.

Author

Cite

Nazia Arfeen, Taj Ali Khan, Evaluation of PSD Models for the Estimation of Hydraulic Conductivity for Different Soil Textural Classes, International Journal of Engineering Works, Vol. 7, Issue 10, PP. 338-341, October 2020, https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.20.710338341.

References

[1] Gijsman, A.J., Jagtap, S.S., Jones, J.W. (2002). “Wading through a swamp of complete confusion: How to choose a method for estimating soil water retention parameters for crop models”. European Journal of Agronomy, 18(1–2), 77–106.

[2] Craig, R.F., Knappett, J.A. (2012). Craig’s Soil Mechanics. 8th ed. London: Spon Press, 3-38.

[3] Petrich, C., Langhorne, P.J., Sun, Z.F. (2006). “Modelling the interrelationships between permeability, effective porosity and total porosity in sea ice”. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 44(2), 131–144.

[4] Jarvis, N.J., Hollis, J.M., Nicholls, P.H., Mayr, T., Evans, S.P. (1997). “MACRO - DB: A decision-support tool for assessing pesticide fate and mobility in soils”. Environmental Modelling and Software, 12(2–3), 251–265.

[5] Tietje, O., Hennings, V. (1996). “Accuracy of the saturated hydraulic conductivity prediction by pedo-transfer functions compared to the variability within FAO textural classes”. Geoderma, 69(1–2), 71–84.

[6] Schwartz, F.W., and Zhang, H. (2004). Fundamentals of groundwater Singapore: John Wiley & Sons, 42-68.

[7] Schaap, M. and Leij, F.J. (1998). “Using neural networks to predict soil water retention and soil hydraulic conductivity”. Soil and Tillage Research, 47(1–2), 37–42.

[8] Blott, S.J., and Pye, K. (2001). “GRADISTAT: A grain size distribution and statistics package for the analysis of unconsolidated sediment”. Earth Surf. Process. Landforms 26, 1237–1248

[9] Alyamani, M.S. and Sen, Z. (1993). “Determination of hydraulic conductivity from complete grain-size distribution curves”. Ground Water, 31(4), 551–555.

[10] Salarashayeri, A.F., and Siosemarde, M. (2012). “Prediction of soil hydraulic conductivity from particle-size distribution”. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 6(1), 394-399.

[11] Gupta, S.C., and Larson, W.E. (2007). “Estimating Soil water retention characteristics from particle size distribution, organic matter content and bulk density”. Water Resources Research, 15(6), 1–3.

[12] Hwang, S. (2004). “Effect of texture on the performance of soil particle-size distribution models”. Geoderma, 123(3–4), 363–371.

[13] Sezer, A., Göktepe, A.B., and Altun, S. (2009). “Estimation of the permeability of granular soils using neuro-fuzzy system”. CEUR Workshop Proceedings, 475, 333–342.

[14] Rosas, J., Lopez, O., Missimer, T.M., Coulibaly, K.M., Dehwah, A.H.A., Sesler, K., and Mantilla, D. (2014). “Determination of hydraulic conductivity from grain-size distribution for different depositional environments”. Groundwater, 52(3), 399–413.

[15] Svensson, A. (2014). “ Estimation of hydraulic conductivity from grain size analyses”. Chalmers University of Technology.

[16] Vuković, M,. and Soro, A. (1992). “Hydraulics and water wells: theory and application”. Water Resources Publications, Highlands Ranch, CO, USA

Role of Demand side Management in Reliability of Distribution Network

Vol. 7, Issue 10, PP. 333-337, October 2020

Published online https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.20.710333337

ePub PDF

Abstract

Demand side management (DSM) is of the most important feature of modern smart grids, enable the utility companies and customers to efficiently use the available power. Load are shifted from peak demand hours to off peak hours, that minimize the pressure on grid and make it most efficient and reliable. In this paper the reliability of a distribution network is tested for different scenario. In first scenario, base case the reliability is tested without demand side management in term of different reliability parameters. In second case part of load which is noncritical load, is shifted to off peak hour and reliability is tested that shows improvement in reliability. In third scenario the percentage of load shifted is increased and reliability is calculated. Similarly, the reliability of system is tested for different percentage of noncritical load shifted to off peak hours. Based on calculation of different scenarios, the best DSM scenario is evaluated that gives the best reliability and high efficiency of the system.

Author

Cite

Sajad Ullah, Muhammd Azaz, Jawad Ul Islam, Role of Demand side Management in Reliability of Distribution Network, International Journal of Engineering Works, Vol. 7, Issue 10, PP. 333-337, October 2020, https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.20.710333337., ,

References

[1] S. Kahrobaee and S. Asgarpoor, "The effect of demand side management on reliability of automated distribution systems," in 2013 1st IEEE Conference on Technologies for Sustainability (SusTech), 2013, pp. 179-183.

[2] U. Akram, M. Khalid, and S. Shafiq, "A strategy for residential demand response management in modern electricity markets," in 2018 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology (ICIT), 2018, pp. 1138-1142.

[3] M. Tariq and M. Adnan, "Stabilizing Super Smart Grids Using V2G: A Probabilistic Analysis," in 2019 IEEE 89th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2019-Spring), 2019, pp. 1-5.

[4] Y. Liu, S. Gao, X. Zhao, S. Han, H. Wang, and Q. Zhang, "Demand response capability of V2G based electric vehicles in distribution networks," in 2017 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference Europe (ISGT-Europe), 2017, pp. 1-6.

[5] L. Zhao and V. Aravinthan, "Strategies of residential peak shaving with integration of demand response and V2H," in 2013 IEEE PES Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC), 2013, pp. 1-5.

[6] A. Al Hourani and M. AlMuhaini, "Impact of Demand Side Management on the reliability performance of power distribution systems," in 2016 Saudi Arabia Smart Grid (SASG), 2016, pp. 1-5.

[7] T. Alnejaili, S. Drid, D. Mehdi, and L. Chrifi-Alaoui, "Advanced strategy of demand-side management for photovoltaic-wind energy system," in 2014 15th International Conference on Sciences and Techniques of Automatic Control and Computer Engineering (STA), 2014, pp. 797-802.

[8] O. Ayan and B. Turkay, "Energy Management Algorithm for Peak Demand Reduction," in 2018 20th International Symposium on Electrical Apparatus and Technologies (SIELA), 2018, pp. 1-4.

[9] X. Tang and J. V. Milanovic, "Assessment of the impact of demand side management on power system small signal stability," in 2017 IEEE Manchester PowerTech, 2017, pp. 1-6.

[10] S. Jaiswal and M. Ballal, "Optimal load management of plug-in electric vehicles with demand side management in vehicle to grid application," in 2017 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference (ITEC-India), 2017, pp. 1-5.