Linking the Researchers, Developing the Innovations
A file oriented unstructured data collected and transformed into the data warehouse .Two or more records identified separately actually represent same real world entity, detection and prevention to improve data quality. The proposed technique introduces smart tokens of most representative attributes by sorting those tokens identical records are bring into close neighborhood, record duplicates are identified and removed from the data. Clean consistent and non duplicated data loaded into warehouse. The technique is a mile stone for cleaning data as with the explosive amount of data recording it is the need of time that more corrected data to be provided to the data mangers for effective decisions making.
© The authors retain all copyrights
This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 12, Issue 03, PP. 31-39, March 25
This study utilizes the New Approximate Analytical Method (NAAM) to solve fractional order Swift-Hohenberg (S-H) equations, which model complex systems with memory and hereditary effects. By deriving approximate analytical solutions for both linear and nonlinear cases, NAAM simplifies the analytical analysis of these equations, particularly those involving fractional derivatives. A comparative evaluation with other traditional analytical and numerical methods highlights the NAAM’s effectiveness and accuracy, advancing the understanding of fractional systems and providing improved tools for addressing complex mathematical models.
[1] Zheng, B., 2023. Ordinary Differential Equation and Its Application. Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology, 72, pp.645-651.
[2] Restivo, S., 2001. Mathematics in society and history: Sociological inquiries (Vol. 20). Springer Science & Business Media.
[3] Fraser, C., 1985. JL Lagrange changing approach to the foundations of the calculus of variations. Archive for History of Exact Sciences, 32, pp.151-191.
[4] Rößler, A., 2010. Runge–Kutta methods for the strong approximation of solutions of stochastic differential equations. SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis, 48(3), pp.922-952.
[5] De Castro, A.B., Gómez, D. and Salgado, P., 2014. Mathematical models and numerical simulation in electromagnetism (Vol. 74). Springer.
[6] BUBAKAR, S.S., IBRAHIM, M. and ABUBAKAR, N., 2019. A STUDY ON SOME APPLICATIONS OF PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS IN HEAT TRANSFER. Journal of Applied Physical Science International, 11(3), pp.88-94.
[7] Farooq, U., Khan, H., Tchier, F., Hincal, E., Baleanu, D., & Bin Jebreen, H. (2021). New approximate analytical technique for the solution of time fractional fluid flow models. Advances in Difference Equations, 2021(1), 1-20.
[8] Nonlaopon, K., Alsharif, A. M., Zidan, A. M., Khan, A., Hamed, Y. S., & Shah, R. (2021). Numerical investigation of fractional-order Swift–Hohenberg equations via a Novel transform. Symmetry, 13(7), 12-63.
[9] Shah, R., Farooq, U., Khan, H., Baleanu, D., Kumam, P. and Arif, M., 2020. Fractional view analysis of third order Kortewege-De Vries equations, using a new analytical technique. Frontiers in Physics, 7, p.244.
[10] Singh, B.K. and Kumar, P., 2018. FRDTM for numerical simulation of multi-dimensional, time-fractional model of Navier–Stokes equation. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 9(4), pp.827-834
© The authors retain all copyrights
This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Droughts and Floods; Land use and land cover (LULC); Micro-watershed; Rainfall-runoff; Small dams; Water resources management
In recent years, Balochistan, Pakistan largest province, has experienced droughts and floods, resulting in substantial infrastructural damage and loss of life. This study used geospatial and hydrological modeling to analyze the domestically produced water potential of the province most water-scarce Pishin Lora Basin (PLB). The basin hydrological characteristics were retrieved from the Digital Elevation Model (DEM), Landsat-8 images, and the Food Agriculture Organization (FAO) soil databases. Rainfall data from the Quetta and Kalat stations were collected for the years 1990 to 2021 and used to simulate runoff in HEC-HMS software. Peak discharges for the wet and dry years were 5102.2 and 1095.8 cumecs, respectively, with annual runoff volumes of 5.82 and 1.25 billion cubic meters (BCM). The water potential during wet years can address water shortage issues if managed well and it will also help to develop appropriate strategic options during dry years to minimize the drought impacts in the region through watershed management. This study has further identified micro-watersheds of the constructed small/check dams for their annual runoff potential. Runoff volumes in wet years often exceeded their damazs holding capacities. That implied that small dams and other development schemes are not designed to incorporate seasonal variations. This notion was further confirmed when flood water topped over these dams during high runoff periods of the recent 2022 rainfalls. This study emphasizes proper planning of water resource development schemes. It highlights the repercussions of inadequately planned interventions. If the safety and sustainability of these structures throughout their design lives are to be warranted, they must be evaluated scientifically and modified accordingly.
[1] M. M. Akhtar, A. D. Mohammad, M. Ehsan, R. Akhtar, J. Ur Rehman, and Z. Manzoor, ‘Water resources of Balochistan, Pakistan—a review’, Arab J Geosci, vol. 14, no. 4, p. 289, Feb. 2021, doi: 10.1007/s12517-021-06502-y.
[2] G. H. Dars, M. R. Najafi, and A. L. Qureshi, ‘Assessing the Impacts of Climate Change on Future Precipitation Trends Based on Downscaled CMIP5 Simulations Data’, Mehran Univ. res. j. eng. technol., vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 385–394, Apr. 2017, doi: 10.22581/muet1982.1702.16.
[3] Naz, Dars, Ansari, Jamro, and Krakauer, ‘Drought Trends in Balochistan’, Water, vol. 12, no. 2, p. 470, Feb. 2020, doi: 10.3390/w12020470.
[4] H. Sarfraz, ‘Balochistan Conservation Strategy: An Overview’, 2000, doi: 10.13140/2.1.2624.0328.
[5] W. Ahmed et al., ‘Improving Groundwater Management to Enhance Agriculture and Farming Livelihoods in Pakistan’, vol. 1, 2021.
[6] Z. Majeed and A. Khan, ‘Dam failures due to flash floods and it’s review for Mirani Dam project’, Water and Power Development Authority, Balochistan, pp. 1–10, 2008.
[7] Khattak, A. H, ‘Rapid Need Assessment flood emergency- Balochistan & KP Islamic Relief Pakistan’, 2022.
[8] Z. Sagintayev et al., ‘A remote sensing contribution to hydrologic modelling in arid and inaccessible watersheds, Pishin Lora basin, Pakistan’, Hydrological Processes, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 85–99, Jan. 2012, doi: 10.1002/hyp.8114.
[9] A. A. Mahessar, A. L. Qureshi, B. Sadiqui, S. M. Kori, K. C. Mukwana, and K. Q. Leghari, ‘Rainfall Analysis for Hyderabad and Nawabshah, Sindh, Pakistan’, Eng. Technol. Appl. Sci. Res., vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 6597–6602, Dec. 2020, doi: 10.48084/etasr.3923.
[10] M. A. Choudhary, A. S. Lodhi, M. Ahmad, and M. Ahmed, ‘A comparative study of cost of production and decision making analysis in case of onion and sunflower crops in Quetta district’, Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 469–478, 2008.
© The authors retain all copyrights
This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 12, Issue 02, PP. 12-20, February 2025
In today’s global world, education is not only major driver of socio-economic development but also highly linked international arena. Therefore, both developed world and international aid agencies are interested in educational development in developing economies. The story of Pakistan educational sector is no more different. Since its inception, Pakistan remain host to international aid agencies both as in-country projects and traveling reforms. US Pak partnerships in the area of higher education with thematic focus on green energy has a long history. It is important to assess the impact to evaluate the effectiveness of donor grants in indigenous energy crises solution. This research is aimed at assessing USPCASE Project at UET Peshawar against its strategic objectives and impact. Data about project has been collected using primary and secondary data collection methods. Primary data collected from all stakeholders including Students, faculty, administration, management, university leadership, ASU staff and faculty, government organization and industry through online surveys, individual and group interviews. Data collected has been analyzed through rigorous quantitative and qualitative techniques. Statistical techniques of perceptions on key research objectives have been carried followed by content analysis for finding lines of evidences. Various statistical test like (Pi test, Chi Test) have been conducted to find significance of analysis and data. USPCAS-E has not only excelled in education but also on the forefront of research activities for government and non-government Organization. Provide revised curricula as well as financial management, governance, teaching, and other reforms necessary to make university education and research more relevant to the needs of industry and government. It has been explored that the USAID support to energy center has been properly utilized and has significantly impacted the energy sector in general and energy higher education in particular. The results also inform that keeping the center at same level of performance will be a challenging task and thus proper sustainability measures may be taken by university leadership.
[1] Alvesson, M. and Sk€oldberg, K. (2017), Reflexive Methodology: New Vistas for Qualitative Research, 3rded., SAGE Publications, London
[2] .Amabile, T.M., Conti, R., Coon, H., Lazenby, J. and Herron, M. (1996), “Assessing the workenvironment for creativity”,Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 39 No. 5, pp. 1154-1184.Andersen,
[3] E.S. and Vaagaasar, A.L. (2009), “Project management improvement efforts - creatingproject management value by uniqueness or mainstream thinking?”,Project ManagementJournal, Vol. 40 No. 1, pp. 19-27.Ankrah, S. and Al-Tabbaa, O. (2015), “Universities–industry collaboration: a systematic review”,Scandinavian Journal of Management, Vol. 31 No. 3, pp. 387-408
[4] He, X.; Khan, S.; Ozturk, I.; Murshed, M. The role of renewable energy investment in tackling climate change concerns: Environmental policies for achieving SDG-13. Sustain. Dev. 2023, 31, 1888–1901
[5] Andrabi, T., Das, J., Khwaja, A., 2009. Report Cards: The Impact of Providing School and Child Test Scores on Educational Markets. World Bank, Washington, DC Unpublished manuscript.
[6] Barrera-Osorio, F., Bertrand, M., Linden, L.L., Perez-Calle, F., 2008. Conditional cash transfers in education: Design features peer and sibling effects evidence from a randomized experiment in Colombia NBER Working Paper No. 13890.
[7] Birchler, K., Michaelowa, K., 2016. Making aid work for education in developing countries: an analysis of aid effectiveness for primary education coverage and quality. Int. J. Educ. Dev. 48, 37–52.
[8] Boak, E., Ndaruhutse, S., 2011. The Impact of Sector-Wide Approaches: Where from Where Now and Where To? CfBT Education Trust, Reading.
[9] Booth, D., 2011. Aid, institutions and governance: what have we learned? Dev. Policy Rev. 29 (Suppl. s1), s5–s26.
[10] European Commission, 2006. Institutional Assessment and Capacity Development: Why, what and how? In: Aid Delivery Methods Concept PaperEuropeAid, Brussels. European Commission, 4 February 2010. More and better education in developing countries. In: Commission Staff Working Document SEC(2010)121 FinalEuropean Commission,
[11] Brussels. Ferreira, F.H.G., Filmer, D., Schady, N., 2009. Own and sibling effects of conditional cash transfer programs: theory and evidence from Cambodia. In: Policy Research Working PaperWorld Bank, Washington, DC.
[12] Fiszbein, A., Schady, N., 2009. Conditional Cash Transfers Reducing Present and Future Poverty. World Bank, Washington, DC. FTI, October 2009. A Fast Track to 2015: Educating the World’s Children for a Better Future. FTI
[13] Morris, C., & Fry, H. (2006). Enhancing Educational Research and Development Activity through Small Grant Schemes: A case study. International Journal for Academic Development, 11(1), 43–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/1360144060057900
© The authors retain all copyrights
This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 12, Issue 01, PP. 01-11, January 25
The current technological era has provided humanity with unprecedented luxuries and opportunities for exploration, both on Earth and in space. However, this progress has also introduced significant environmental threats. Recent global awareness has heightened concern for environmental protection, with governments focusing on pollutants that cause catastrophic events like flash floods. Scientists are now identifying and analyzing specific pollutants to mitigate their impact and propose eco-friendly alternatives. This study focuses on the indoor air quality (IAQ) of an educational building at UET Peshawar (USPCAS-E). Sensors and particle monitors were placed in 19 rooms to measure temperature, humidity, air flow, and particulate matter (sizes 0.5 µm to 10 µm). Data was recorded at three different times and averaged for accuracy. The aim is to identify indoor air pollution sources and their adverse effects on health, contributing to better IAQ management strategies.
© The authors retain all copyrights
This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 12, Issue 03, PP. 31-39, March 25
This study utilizes the New Approximate Analytical Method (NAAM) to solve fractional order Swift-Hohenberg (S-H) equations, which model complex systems with memory and hereditary effects. By deriving approximate analytical solutions for both linear and nonlinear cases, NAAM simplifies the analytical analysis of these equations, particularly those involving fractional derivatives. A comparative evaluation with other traditional analytical and numerical methods highlights the NAAM’s effectiveness and accuracy, advancing the understanding of fractional systems and providing improved tools for addressing complex mathematical models.
[1] Zheng, B., 2023. Ordinary Differential Equation and Its Application. Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology, 72, pp.645-651.
[2] Restivo, S., 2001. Mathematics in society and history: Sociological inquiries (Vol. 20). Springer Science & Business Media.
[3] Fraser, C., 1985. JL Lagrange changing approach to the foundations of the calculus of variations. Archive for History of Exact Sciences, 32, pp.151-191.
[4] Rößler, A., 2010. Runge–Kutta methods for the strong approximation of solutions of stochastic differential equations. SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis, 48(3), pp.922-952.
[5] De Castro, A.B., Gómez, D. and Salgado, P., 2014. Mathematical models and numerical simulation in electromagnetism (Vol. 74). Springer.
[6] BUBAKAR, S.S., IBRAHIM, M. and ABUBAKAR, N., 2019. A STUDY ON SOME APPLICATIONS OF PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS IN HEAT TRANSFER. Journal of Applied Physical Science International, 11(3), pp.88-94.
[7] Farooq, U., Khan, H., Tchier, F., Hincal, E., Baleanu, D., & Bin Jebreen, H. (2021). New approximate analytical technique for the solution of time fractional fluid flow models. Advances in Difference Equations, 2021(1), 1-20.
[8] Nonlaopon, K., Alsharif, A. M., Zidan, A. M., Khan, A., Hamed, Y. S., & Shah, R. (2021). Numerical investigation of fractional-order Swift–Hohenberg equations via a Novel transform. Symmetry, 13(7), 12-63.
[9] Shah, R., Farooq, U., Khan, H., Baleanu, D., Kumam, P. and Arif, M., 2020. Fractional view analysis of third order Kortewege-De Vries equations, using a new analytical technique. Frontiers in Physics, 7, p.244.
[10] Singh, B.K. and Kumar, P., 2018. FRDTM for numerical simulation of multi-dimensional, time-fractional model of Navier–Stokes equation. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 9(4), pp.827-834
© The authors retain all copyrights
This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Droughts and Floods; Land use and land cover (LULC); Micro-watershed; Rainfall-runoff; Small dams; Water resources management
In recent years, Balochistan, Pakistan largest province, has experienced droughts and floods, resulting in substantial infrastructural damage and loss of life. This study used geospatial and hydrological modeling to analyze the domestically produced water potential of the province most water-scarce Pishin Lora Basin (PLB). The basin hydrological characteristics were retrieved from the Digital Elevation Model (DEM), Landsat-8 images, and the Food Agriculture Organization (FAO) soil databases. Rainfall data from the Quetta and Kalat stations were collected for the years 1990 to 2021 and used to simulate runoff in HEC-HMS software. Peak discharges for the wet and dry years were 5102.2 and 1095.8 cumecs, respectively, with annual runoff volumes of 5.82 and 1.25 billion cubic meters (BCM). The water potential during wet years can address water shortage issues if managed well and it will also help to develop appropriate strategic options during dry years to minimize the drought impacts in the region through watershed management. This study has further identified micro-watersheds of the constructed small/check dams for their annual runoff potential. Runoff volumes in wet years often exceeded their damazs holding capacities. That implied that small dams and other development schemes are not designed to incorporate seasonal variations. This notion was further confirmed when flood water topped over these dams during high runoff periods of the recent 2022 rainfalls. This study emphasizes proper planning of water resource development schemes. It highlights the repercussions of inadequately planned interventions. If the safety and sustainability of these structures throughout their design lives are to be warranted, they must be evaluated scientifically and modified accordingly.
[1] M. M. Akhtar, A. D. Mohammad, M. Ehsan, R. Akhtar, J. Ur Rehman, and Z. Manzoor, ‘Water resources of Balochistan, Pakistan—a review’, Arab J Geosci, vol. 14, no. 4, p. 289, Feb. 2021, doi: 10.1007/s12517-021-06502-y.
[2] G. H. Dars, M. R. Najafi, and A. L. Qureshi, ‘Assessing the Impacts of Climate Change on Future Precipitation Trends Based on Downscaled CMIP5 Simulations Data’, Mehran Univ. res. j. eng. technol., vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 385–394, Apr. 2017, doi: 10.22581/muet1982.1702.16.
[3] Naz, Dars, Ansari, Jamro, and Krakauer, ‘Drought Trends in Balochistan’, Water, vol. 12, no. 2, p. 470, Feb. 2020, doi: 10.3390/w12020470.
[4] H. Sarfraz, ‘Balochistan Conservation Strategy: An Overview’, 2000, doi: 10.13140/2.1.2624.0328.
[5] W. Ahmed et al., ‘Improving Groundwater Management to Enhance Agriculture and Farming Livelihoods in Pakistan’, vol. 1, 2021.
[6] Z. Majeed and A. Khan, ‘Dam failures due to flash floods and it’s review for Mirani Dam project’, Water and Power Development Authority, Balochistan, pp. 1–10, 2008.
[7] Khattak, A. H, ‘Rapid Need Assessment flood emergency- Balochistan & KP Islamic Relief Pakistan’, 2022.
[8] Z. Sagintayev et al., ‘A remote sensing contribution to hydrologic modelling in arid and inaccessible watersheds, Pishin Lora basin, Pakistan’, Hydrological Processes, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 85–99, Jan. 2012, doi: 10.1002/hyp.8114.
[9] A. A. Mahessar, A. L. Qureshi, B. Sadiqui, S. M. Kori, K. C. Mukwana, and K. Q. Leghari, ‘Rainfall Analysis for Hyderabad and Nawabshah, Sindh, Pakistan’, Eng. Technol. Appl. Sci. Res., vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 6597–6602, Dec. 2020, doi: 10.48084/etasr.3923.
[10] M. A. Choudhary, A. S. Lodhi, M. Ahmad, and M. Ahmed, ‘A comparative study of cost of production and decision making analysis in case of onion and sunflower crops in Quetta district’, Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 469–478, 2008.
© The authors retain all copyrights
This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 12, Issue 02, PP. 12-20, February 2025
In today’s global world, education is not only major driver of socio-economic development but also highly linked international arena. Therefore, both developed world and international aid agencies are interested in educational development in developing economies. The story of Pakistan educational sector is no more different. Since its inception, Pakistan remain host to international aid agencies both as in-country projects and traveling reforms. US Pak partnerships in the area of higher education with thematic focus on green energy has a long history. It is important to assess the impact to evaluate the effectiveness of donor grants in indigenous energy crises solution. This research is aimed at assessing USPCASE Project at UET Peshawar against its strategic objectives and impact. Data about project has been collected using primary and secondary data collection methods. Primary data collected from all stakeholders including Students, faculty, administration, management, university leadership, ASU staff and faculty, government organization and industry through online surveys, individual and group interviews. Data collected has been analyzed through rigorous quantitative and qualitative techniques. Statistical techniques of perceptions on key research objectives have been carried followed by content analysis for finding lines of evidences. Various statistical test like (Pi test, Chi Test) have been conducted to find significance of analysis and data. USPCAS-E has not only excelled in education but also on the forefront of research activities for government and non-government Organization. Provide revised curricula as well as financial management, governance, teaching, and other reforms necessary to make university education and research more relevant to the needs of industry and government. It has been explored that the USAID support to energy center has been properly utilized and has significantly impacted the energy sector in general and energy higher education in particular. The results also inform that keeping the center at same level of performance will be a challenging task and thus proper sustainability measures may be taken by university leadership.
[1] Alvesson, M. and Sk€oldberg, K. (2017), Reflexive Methodology: New Vistas for Qualitative Research, 3rded., SAGE Publications, London
[2] .Amabile, T.M., Conti, R., Coon, H., Lazenby, J. and Herron, M. (1996), “Assessing the workenvironment for creativity”,Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 39 No. 5, pp. 1154-1184.Andersen,
[3] E.S. and Vaagaasar, A.L. (2009), “Project management improvement efforts - creatingproject management value by uniqueness or mainstream thinking?”,Project ManagementJournal, Vol. 40 No. 1, pp. 19-27.Ankrah, S. and Al-Tabbaa, O. (2015), “Universities–industry collaboration: a systematic review”,Scandinavian Journal of Management, Vol. 31 No. 3, pp. 387-408
[4] He, X.; Khan, S.; Ozturk, I.; Murshed, M. The role of renewable energy investment in tackling climate change concerns: Environmental policies for achieving SDG-13. Sustain. Dev. 2023, 31, 1888–1901
[5] Andrabi, T., Das, J., Khwaja, A., 2009. Report Cards: The Impact of Providing School and Child Test Scores on Educational Markets. World Bank, Washington, DC Unpublished manuscript.
[6] Barrera-Osorio, F., Bertrand, M., Linden, L.L., Perez-Calle, F., 2008. Conditional cash transfers in education: Design features peer and sibling effects evidence from a randomized experiment in Colombia NBER Working Paper No. 13890.
[7] Birchler, K., Michaelowa, K., 2016. Making aid work for education in developing countries: an analysis of aid effectiveness for primary education coverage and quality. Int. J. Educ. Dev. 48, 37–52.
[8] Boak, E., Ndaruhutse, S., 2011. The Impact of Sector-Wide Approaches: Where from Where Now and Where To? CfBT Education Trust, Reading.
[9] Booth, D., 2011. Aid, institutions and governance: what have we learned? Dev. Policy Rev. 29 (Suppl. s1), s5–s26.
[10] European Commission, 2006. Institutional Assessment and Capacity Development: Why, what and how? In: Aid Delivery Methods Concept PaperEuropeAid, Brussels. European Commission, 4 February 2010. More and better education in developing countries. In: Commission Staff Working Document SEC(2010)121 FinalEuropean Commission,
[11] Brussels. Ferreira, F.H.G., Filmer, D., Schady, N., 2009. Own and sibling effects of conditional cash transfer programs: theory and evidence from Cambodia. In: Policy Research Working PaperWorld Bank, Washington, DC.
[12] Fiszbein, A., Schady, N., 2009. Conditional Cash Transfers Reducing Present and Future Poverty. World Bank, Washington, DC. FTI, October 2009. A Fast Track to 2015: Educating the World’s Children for a Better Future. FTI
[13] Morris, C., & Fry, H. (2006). Enhancing Educational Research and Development Activity through Small Grant Schemes: A case study. International Journal for Academic Development, 11(1), 43–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/1360144060057900
© The authors retain all copyrights
This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 12, Issue 01, PP. 01-11, January 25
The current technological era has provided humanity with unprecedented luxuries and opportunities for exploration, both on Earth and in space. However, this progress has also introduced significant environmental threats. Recent global awareness has heightened concern for environmental protection, with governments focusing on pollutants that cause catastrophic events like flash floods. Scientists are now identifying and analyzing specific pollutants to mitigate their impact and propose eco-friendly alternatives. This study focuses on the indoor air quality (IAQ) of an educational building at UET Peshawar (USPCAS-E). Sensors and particle monitors were placed in 19 rooms to measure temperature, humidity, air flow, and particulate matter (sizes 0.5 µm to 10 µm). Data was recorded at three different times and averaged for accuracy. The aim is to identify indoor air pollution sources and their adverse effects on health, contributing to better IAQ management strategies.
© The authors retain all copyrights
This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.