International Journal of Engineering Works

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Comparative Analysis of Classical and Intelligent Control Techniques for the Inverted Pendulum System: Design, Simulation, and Performance Evaluation

Published online https://doi.org/

Abstract

The inverted pendulum, a classic problem in control theory, is widely used for analyzing nonlinear systems and potential energy applications. This study investigates various controller techniques classical and intelligent applied to the inverted pendulum system, providing a comprehensive review of their design, performance, and limitations through simulations and graphical analysis. Key control strategies, including PID, Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR), Neural Networks (NN), and Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC), are implemented and evaluated for system stability, response time, and robustness under structural uncertainties and external disturbances. Simulation results reveal that classical controllers, particularly the PID and LQR, demonstrate superior performance in terms of settling time, overshoot, and steady-state error under linearized system assumptions. However, these conventional techniques struggle to handle nonlinearities and uncertainties effectively. To address these limitations, robust controllers such as the LQR are employed, minimizing actuator effort and optimizing cost functions. In contrast, intelligent controllers, including NN and FLC, exhibit adaptive capabilities, are enabling them to handle complex, nonlinear dynamics with greater accuracy and reliability. NN and FLC outperform classical controllers in terms of faster response times, improved stability, and reduced computational cost. This study underscores the advantages of NN and FLC in achieving enhanced system performance while maintaining stability and trajectory tracking for both cart position and pendulum angle. MATLAB/Simulink simulations validate the efficacy of each control strategy and highlight the potential of intelligent control techniques in addressing challenges associated with nonlinear systems and robotics technology. The findings provide critical insights into the design and application of control strategies for inverted pendulum systems, with implications for advancing feedback control in robotic systems.

Author

Jawad Khan, Ma Gang, Shah Muhammad Adnan

Cite

, ,

References

Xu, C. and X. Yu, Mathematical modeling of elastic inverted pendulum control system. Journal of Control Theory and Applications, 2004. 2: p. 281-282.

2. Xiao, B., C. Xu, and L. Xu, System Model and Controller Design of an Inverted Pendulum. Intelligent Information Systems, IASTED International Conference on, 2009. 0: p. 356-359.

3. Hu, H., S. Yu, and H. Trinh, A Review of Uncertainties in Power Systems - Modelling, Impact, and Mitigation. 2023.

4. Wang, J.-J., Simulation studies of inverted pendulum based on PID controllers. Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory, 2011. 19: p. 440-449.

5. Debnath, L., Nonlinear partial differential equations for scientists and engineers: Second edition. Nonlinear Partial Differential Equations for Scientists and Engineers: Second Edition, 2005: p. 1-737.

6. Muskinja, N. and B. Tovornik, Swinging up and stabilization of a real inverted pendulum. Industrial Electronics, IEEE Transactions on, 2006. 53: p. 631-639.

7. Nersesov, S. and W. Haddad, On the Stability and Control of Nonlinear Dynamical Systems via Vector Lyapunov Functions. Automatic Control, IEEE Transactions on, 2006. 51: p. 203-215.

8. Nasir, A., Modeling and controller design for an inverted pendulum system. 2007.

9. Prasad, L., B. Tyagi, and H. Gupta, Optimal Control of Nonlinear Inverted Pendulum System Using PID Controller and LQR: Performance Analysis Without and With Disturbance Input. International Journal of Automation and Computing, 2014. 11: p. 661-670.

10. Lewis, J. and J. Sauro, USABILITY AND USER EXPERIENCE: DESIGN AND EVALUATION. 2021. p. 972-1015.

Detetion and Prevention of Irrelevent Data Through Data Cleansing

Published online https://doi.org/

Abstract

A file oriented unstructured data collected and transformed into the data warehouse .Two or more records identified separately actually represent same real world entity, detection and prevention to improve data quality. The proposed technique introduces smart tokens of most representative attributes by sorting those tokens identical records are bring into close neighborhood, record duplicates are identified and removed from the data. Clean consistent and non duplicated data loaded into warehouse. The technique is a mile stone for cleaning data as with the explosive amount of data recording it is the need of time that more corrected data to be provided to the data mangers for effective decisions making.

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References

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Current Issue - 2025

Analytical Analysis of Fractional Order Swift-Hohenberg Equations

Vol. 12, Issue 03, PP. 31-39, March 25

Published online https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.25.12033139

ePub PDF

Abstract

This study utilizes the New Approximate Analytical Method (NAAM) to solve fractional order Swift-Hohenberg (S-H) equations, which model complex systems with memory and hereditary effects. By deriving approximate analytical solutions for both linear and nonlinear cases, NAAM simplifies the analytical analysis of these equations, particularly those involving fractional derivatives. A comparative evaluation with other traditional analytical and numerical methods highlights the NAAM’s effectiveness and accuracy, advancing the understanding of fractional systems and providing improved tools for addressing complex mathematical models.

Author

Aslam Zeb, Umar Farooq, Iqra Iqbal, Ghani Irfan

Cite

Aslam Zeb, Umar Farooq, Iqra Iqbal, Ghani Irfan “Analytical Analysis of Fractional Order Swift-Hohenberg Equations” International , Vol. 12, Issue 03, PP. 31-39, March 2025. https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.25.12033139., ,

References

[1] Zheng, B., 2023. Ordinary Differential Equation and Its Application. Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology, 72, pp.645-651.

[2] Restivo, S., 2001. Mathematics in society and history: Sociological inquiries (Vol. 20). Springer Science & Business Media.

[3] Fraser, C., 1985. JL Lagrange changing approach to the foundations of the calculus of variations. Archive for History of Exact Sciences, 32, pp.151-191.

[4] Rößler, A., 2010. Runge–Kutta methods for the strong approximation of solutions of stochastic differential equations. SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis, 48(3), pp.922-952.

[5] De Castro, A.B., Gómez, D. and Salgado, P., 2014. Mathematical models and numerical simulation in electromagnetism (Vol. 74). Springer.

[6] BUBAKAR, S.S., IBRAHIM, M. and ABUBAKAR, N., 2019. A STUDY ON SOME APPLICATIONS OF PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS IN HEAT TRANSFER. Journal of Applied Physical Science International, 11(3), pp.88-94.

[7] Farooq, U., Khan, H., Tchier, F., Hincal, E., Baleanu, D., & Bin Jebreen, H. (2021). New approximate analytical technique for the solution of time fractional fluid flow models. Advances in Difference Equations, 2021(1), 1-20.

[8] Nonlaopon, K., Alsharif, A. M., Zidan, A. M., Khan, A., Hamed, Y. S., & Shah, R. (2021). Numerical investigation of fractional-order Swift–Hohenberg equations via a Novel transform. Symmetry, 13(7), 12-63.

[9] Shah, R., Farooq, U., Khan, H., Baleanu, D., Kumam, P. and Arif, M., 2020. Fractional view analysis of third order Kortewege-De Vries equations, using a new analytical technique. Frontiers in Physics, 7, p.244.

[10] Singh, B.K. and Kumar, P., 2018. FRDTM for numerical simulation of multi-dimensional, time-fractional model of Navier–Stokes equation. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 9(4), pp.827-834

Hydrological Modeling of Pashin-Lora Basin Balochistan, and Evaluation of Internally Generated Water Potential of it’s Built Check Dams

Droughts and Floods; Land use and land cover (LULC); Micro-watershed; Rainfall-runoff; Small dams; Water resources management

Published online https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.25.12022130

ePub PDF

Abstract

In recent years, Balochistan, Pakistan largest province, has experienced droughts and floods, resulting in substantial infrastructural damage and loss of life. This study used geospatial and hydrological modeling to analyze the domestically produced water potential of the province most water-scarce Pishin Lora Basin (PLB). The basin hydrological characteristics were retrieved from the Digital Elevation Model (DEM), Landsat-8 images, and the Food Agriculture Organization (FAO) soil databases. Rainfall data from the Quetta and Kalat stations were collected for the years 1990 to 2021 and used to simulate runoff in HEC-HMS software. Peak discharges for the wet and dry years were 5102.2 and 1095.8 cumecs, respectively, with annual runoff volumes of 5.82 and 1.25 billion cubic meters (BCM). The water potential during wet years can address water shortage issues if managed well and it will also help to develop appropriate strategic options during dry years to minimize the drought impacts in the region through watershed management. This study has further identified micro-watersheds of the constructed small/check dams for their annual runoff potential. Runoff volumes in wet years often exceeded their damazs holding capacities. That implied that small dams and other development schemes are not designed to incorporate seasonal variations. This notion was further confirmed when flood water topped over these dams during high runoff periods of the recent 2022 rainfalls. This study emphasizes proper planning of water resource development schemes. It highlights the repercussions of inadequately planned interventions. If the safety and sustainability of these structures throughout their design lives are to be warranted, they must be evaluated scientifically and modified accordingly.

Author

Rabia Liaqat, Shah Dad Murad, Muhammad Siddique, Arjumand Zaidi, Abdul Latif Qureshi

Cite

Rabia Liaqat, Shah Dad Murad, Muhammad Siddique, Arjumand Zaidi, Abdul Latif Qureshi “Hydrological Modeling of Pashin-Lora Basin Balochistan, and Evaluation of Internally Generated Water Potential of it’s Built Check Dams” International Journal of Engineering Works, Vol. 12, Issue 02, PP. 21-30, February 2025. https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.25.12022130.

References

[1] M. M. Akhtar, A. D. Mohammad, M. Ehsan, R. Akhtar, J. Ur Rehman, and Z. Manzoor, ‘Water resources of Balochistan, Pakistan—a review’, Arab J Geosci, vol. 14, no. 4, p. 289, Feb. 2021, doi: 10.1007/s12517-021-06502-y.

[2] G. H. Dars, M. R. Najafi, and A. L. Qureshi, ‘Assessing the Impacts of Climate Change on Future Precipitation Trends Based on Downscaled CMIP5 Simulations Data’, Mehran Univ. res. j. eng. technol., vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 385–394, Apr. 2017, doi: 10.22581/muet1982.1702.16.

[3] Naz, Dars, Ansari, Jamro, and Krakauer, ‘Drought Trends in Balochistan’, Water, vol. 12, no. 2, p. 470, Feb. 2020, doi: 10.3390/w12020470.

[4] H. Sarfraz, ‘Balochistan Conservation Strategy: An Overview’, 2000, doi: 10.13140/2.1.2624.0328.

[5] W. Ahmed et al., ‘Improving Groundwater Management to Enhance Agriculture and Farming Livelihoods in Pakistan’, vol. 1, 2021.

[6] Z. Majeed and A. Khan, ‘Dam failures due to flash floods and it’s review for Mirani Dam project’, Water and Power Development Authority, Balochistan, pp. 1–10, 2008.

[7] Khattak, A. H, ‘Rapid Need Assessment flood emergency- Balochistan & KP Islamic Relief Pakistan’, 2022.

[8] Z. Sagintayev et al., ‘A remote sensing contribution to hydrologic modelling in arid and inaccessible watersheds, Pishin Lora basin, Pakistan’, Hydrological Processes, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 85–99, Jan. 2012, doi: 10.1002/hyp.8114.

[9] A. A. Mahessar, A. L. Qureshi, B. Sadiqui, S. M. Kori, K. C. Mukwana, and K. Q. Leghari, ‘Rainfall Analysis for Hyderabad and Nawabshah, Sindh, Pakistan’, Eng. Technol. Appl. Sci. Res., vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 6597–6602, Dec. 2020, doi: 10.48084/etasr.3923.

[10] M. A. Choudhary, A. S. Lodhi, M. Ahmad, and M. Ahmed, ‘A comparative study of cost of production and decision making analysis in case of onion and sunflower crops in Quetta district’, Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 469–478, 2008.

Assessing Impact of Grants on Clean Energy Research and Innovation:Case study of center for advanced studies

Vol. 12, Issue 02, PP. 12-20, February 2025

Published online https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.25.12021220

ePub PDF

Abstract

In today’s global world, education is not only major driver of socio-economic development but also highly linked international arena. Therefore, both developed world and international aid agencies are interested in educational development in developing economies. The story of Pakistan educational sector is no more different. Since its inception, Pakistan remain host to international aid agencies both as in-country projects and traveling reforms. US Pak partnerships in the area of higher education with thematic focus on green energy has a long history. It is important to assess the impact to evaluate the effectiveness of donor grants in indigenous energy crises solution. This research is aimed at assessing USPCASE Project at UET Peshawar against its strategic objectives and impact. Data about project has been collected using primary and secondary data collection methods. Primary data collected from all stakeholders including Students, faculty, administration, management, university leadership, ASU staff and faculty, government organization and industry through online surveys, individual and group interviews. Data collected has been analyzed through rigorous quantitative and qualitative techniques. Statistical techniques of perceptions on key research objectives have been carried followed by content analysis for finding lines of evidences. Various statistical test like (Pi test, Chi Test) have been conducted to find significance of analysis and data. USPCAS-E has not only excelled in education but also on the forefront of research activities for government and non-government Organization. Provide revised curricula as well as financial management, governance, teaching, and other reforms necessary to make university education and research more relevant to the needs of industry and government. It has been explored that the USAID support to energy center has been properly utilized and has significantly impacted the energy sector in general and energy higher education in particular. The results also inform that keeping the center at same level of performance will be a challenging task and thus proper sustainability measures may be taken by university leadership.

Author

Uzair Ahmed Khan, Najib Ullah Khan Marwat

Cite

Uzair Ahmed Khan, Dr. Najib Ullah Khan Marwat “Assessing Impact of Grants on Clean Energy Research and Innovation: Case study of Center for Advanced Studies” International Journal of Engineering Works, Vol. 12, Issue 02, PP. 12-20, February 2025. https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.25.12021220.

References

[1] Alvesson, M. and Sk€oldberg, K. (2017), Reflexive Methodology: New Vistas for Qualitative Research, 3rded., SAGE Publications, London

[2] .Amabile, T.M., Conti, R., Coon, H., Lazenby, J. and Herron, M. (1996), “Assessing the workenvironment for creativity”,Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 39 No. 5, pp. 1154-1184.Andersen,

[3] E.S. and Vaagaasar, A.L. (2009), “Project management improvement efforts - creatingproject management value by uniqueness or mainstream thinking?”,Project ManagementJournal, Vol. 40 No. 1, pp. 19-27.Ankrah, S. and Al-Tabbaa, O. (2015), “Universities–industry collaboration: a systematic review”,Scandinavian Journal of Management, Vol. 31 No. 3, pp. 387-408

[4] He, X.; Khan, S.; Ozturk, I.; Murshed, M. The role of renewable energy investment in tackling climate change concerns: Environmental policies for achieving SDG-13. Sustain. Dev. 2023, 31, 1888–1901

[5] Andrabi, T., Das, J., Khwaja, A., 2009. Report Cards: The Impact of Providing School and Child Test Scores on Educational Markets. World Bank, Washington, DC Unpublished manuscript.

[6] Barrera-Osorio, F., Bertrand, M., Linden, L.L., Perez-Calle, F., 2008. Conditional cash transfers in education: Design features peer and sibling effects evidence from a randomized experiment in Colombia NBER Working Paper No. 13890.

[7] Birchler, K., Michaelowa, K., 2016. Making aid work for education in developing countries: an analysis of aid effectiveness for primary education coverage and quality. Int. J. Educ. Dev. 48, 37–52.

[8] Boak, E., Ndaruhutse, S., 2011. The Impact of Sector-Wide Approaches: Where from Where Now and Where To? CfBT Education Trust, Reading.

[9] Booth, D., 2011. Aid, institutions and governance: what have we learned? Dev. Policy Rev. 29 (Suppl. s1), s5–s26.

[10] European Commission, 2006. Institutional Assessment and Capacity Development: Why, what and how? In: Aid Delivery Methods Concept PaperEuropeAid, Brussels. European Commission, 4 February 2010. More and better education in developing countries. In: Commission Staff Working Document SEC(2010)121 FinalEuropean Commission,

[11] Brussels. Ferreira, F.H.G., Filmer, D., Schady, N., 2009. Own and sibling effects of conditional cash transfer programs: theory and evidence from Cambodia. In: Policy Research Working PaperWorld Bank, Washington, DC.

[12] Fiszbein, A., Schady, N., 2009. Conditional Cash Transfers Reducing Present and Future Poverty. World Bank, Washington, DC. FTI, October 2009. A Fast Track to 2015: Educating the World’s Children for a Better Future. FTI

[13] Morris, C., & Fry, H. (2006). Enhancing Educational Research and Development Activity through Small Grant Schemes: A case study. International Journal for Academic Development, 11(1), 43–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/1360144060057900

Study on Indoor Air Quality Measurement of Educational Buildings in Pakistan

Vol. 12, Issue 01, PP. 01-11, January 25

Published online https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.25.12010111

ePub PDF

Abstract

The current technological era has provided humanity with unprecedented luxuries and opportunities for exploration, both on Earth and in space. However, this progress has also introduced significant environmental threats. Recent global awareness has heightened concern for environmental protection, with governments focusing on pollutants that cause catastrophic events like flash floods. Scientists are now identifying and analyzing specific pollutants to mitigate their impact and propose eco-friendly alternatives. This study focuses on the indoor air quality (IAQ) of an educational building at UET Peshawar (USPCAS-E). Sensors and particle monitors were placed in 19 rooms to measure temperature, humidity, air flow, and particulate matter (sizes 0.5 µm to 10 µm). Data was recorded at three different times and averaged for accuracy. The aim is to identify indoor air pollution sources and their adverse effects on health, contributing to better IAQ management strategies.

Author

Yasir Atlas Khan, Dr. Adnan Daud

Cite

Yasir Atlas Khan, Dr. Adnan Daud “Study on Indoor Air Quality Measurements of Educational Buildlings in Pakistan, Vol. 12, Issue 01, PP. 01-11, January 2025. https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.25.12010111.

References

World Health Organization, ”Global Burden of Disease Estimates 2002,” Available: Accessed: Jun. 30, 2024.
World Energy Estimates, (2017). Available: .iea.or 2017. Accessed: Jun. 30, 2024.
Asian Development Bank, Clean Air Initiative for Asian Cities (CAI ASIA) & Pakistan Clean Air Network, ”Pakistan Country Synthesis Report on Urban Air Quality Management,” 2006.
U.S. Department of Commerce, International Trade Administration, ”Pakistan - Renew- able Energy.” Available: https:/w energy. Accessed: Oct. 25, 2023.
J. Saini, M. Dutta, and G. Marques, ”A comprehensive review on indoor air quality monitoring systems for enhanced public health,” Sustainable Environment Research, vol. 30, no. 6, 2020. Available: https://doi.org/10.1186/s42834-020-0047-y.
J. Saini, M. Dutta, and G. Marques, ”Indoor Air Quality Monitoring Systems Based on Internet of Things: A Systematic Review,” International Journal of Environment Research and Public Health, ISSN: 1660-4601, 2020.
I. Colbeck, Z. A. Nasir, and A. Ali, ”The state of indoor air quality in Pakistan – review,” Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Feb. 2010. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-010-0293-3.
B. Sivasankari, C. A. Prabha, S. Dharini, and R. Haripriya, ”IoT based indoor air pollution monitoring using raspberry pi,” Int J Innov Eng Tech, 2017, pp. 16-21.
P. Arroyo, J. L. Herrero, J. I. Suarez, and J. Lozano, ”Wireless sensor network combined with cloud computing for air quality monitoring,” Sensors Basel, 2019, pp. 691.
O. Seppanen and W. J. Fisk, ”Association of ventilation system type with SBS symptoms in office workers,” Indoor Air, 2002, pp. 98-112.

view all

Analytical Analysis of Fractional Order Swift-Hohenberg Equations

Vol. 12, Issue 03, PP. 31-39, March 25

Published online https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.25.12033139

ePub PDF

Abstract

Author

Aslam Zeb, Umar Farooq, Iqra Iqbal, Ghani Irfan

Cite

References

[1] Zheng, B., 2023. Ordinary Differential Equation and Its Application. Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology, 72, pp.645-651.

[2] Restivo, S., 2001. Mathematics in society and history: Sociological inquiries (Vol. 20). Springer Science & Business Media.

[3] Fraser, C., 1985. JL Lagrange changing approach to the foundations of the calculus of variations. Archive for History of Exact Sciences, 32, pp.151-191.

[4] Rößler, A., 2010. Runge–Kutta methods for the strong approximation of solutions of stochastic differential equations. SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis, 48(3), pp.922-952.

[5] De Castro, A.B., Gómez, D. and Salgado, P., 2014. Mathematical models and numerical simulation in electromagnetism (Vol. 74). Springer.

[10] Singh, B.K. and Kumar, P., 2018. FRDTM for numerical simulation of multi-dimensional, time-fractional model of Navier–Stokes equation. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 9(4), pp.827-834

Hydrological Modeling of Pashin-Lora Basin Balochistan, and Evaluation of Internally Generated Water Potential of it’s Built Check Dams

Droughts and Floods; Land use and land cover (LULC); Micro-watershed; Rainfall-runoff; Small dams; Water resources management

Published online https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.25.12022130

ePub PDF

Abstract

Author

Rabia Liaqat, Shah Dad Murad, Muhammad Siddique, Arjumand Zaidi, Abdul Latif Qureshi

Cite

References

[3] Naz, Dars, Ansari, Jamro, and Krakauer, ‘Drought Trends in Balochistan’, Water, vol. 12, no. 2, p. 470, Feb. 2020, doi: 10.3390/w12020470.

[4] H. Sarfraz, ‘Balochistan Conservation Strategy: An Overview’, 2000, doi: 10.13140/2.1.2624.0328.

[5] W. Ahmed et al., ‘Improving Groundwater Management to Enhance Agriculture and Farming Livelihoods in Pakistan’, vol. 1, 2021.

[6] Z. Majeed and A. Khan, ‘Dam failures due to flash floods and it’s review for Mirani Dam project’, Water and Power Development Authority, Balochistan, pp. 1–10, 2008.

[7] Khattak, A. H, ‘Rapid Need Assessment flood emergency- Balochistan & KP Islamic Relief Pakistan’, 2022.

Assessing Impact of Grants on Clean Energy Research and Innovation:Case study of center for advanced studies

Vol. 12, Issue 02, PP. 12-20, February 2025

Published online https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.25.12021220

ePub PDF

Abstract

Author

Uzair Ahmed Khan, Najib Ullah Khan Marwat

Cite

References

[1] Alvesson, M. and Sk€oldberg, K. (2017), Reflexive Methodology: New Vistas for Qualitative Research, 3rded., SAGE Publications, London

[2] .Amabile, T.M., Conti, R., Coon, H., Lazenby, J. and Herron, M. (1996), “Assessing the workenvironment for creativity”,Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 39 No. 5, pp. 1154-1184.Andersen,

[5] Andrabi, T., Das, J., Khwaja, A., 2009. Report Cards: The Impact of Providing School and Child Test Scores on Educational Markets. World Bank, Washington, DC Unpublished manuscript.

[8] Boak, E., Ndaruhutse, S., 2011. The Impact of Sector-Wide Approaches: Where from Where Now and Where To? CfBT Education Trust, Reading.

[9] Booth, D., 2011. Aid, institutions and governance: what have we learned? Dev. Policy Rev. 29 (Suppl. s1), s5–s26.

Study on Indoor Air Quality Measurement of Educational Buildings in Pakistan

Vol. 12, Issue 01, PP. 01-11, January 25

Published online https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.25.12010111

ePub PDF

Abstract

Author

Yasir Atlas Khan, Dr. Adnan Daud

Cite

References

World Health Organization, ”Global Burden of Disease Estimates 2002,” Available: Accessed: Jun. 30, 2024.
World Energy Estimates, (2017). Available: .iea.or 2017. Accessed: Jun. 30, 2024.
Asian Development Bank, Clean Air Initiative for Asian Cities (CAI ASIA) & Pakistan Clean Air Network, ”Pakistan Country Synthesis Report on Urban Air Quality Management,” 2006.
U.S. Department of Commerce, International Trade Administration, ”Pakistan - Renew- able Energy.” Available: https:/w energy. Accessed: Oct. 25, 2023.
J. Saini, M. Dutta, and G. Marques, ”A comprehensive review on indoor air quality monitoring systems for enhanced public health,” Sustainable Environment Research, vol. 30, no. 6, 2020. Available: https://doi.org/10.1186/s42834-020-0047-y.
J. Saini, M. Dutta, and G. Marques, ”Indoor Air Quality Monitoring Systems Based on Internet of Things: A Systematic Review,” International Journal of Environment Research and Public Health, ISSN: 1660-4601, 2020.
I. Colbeck, Z. A. Nasir, and A. Ali, ”The state of indoor air quality in Pakistan – review,” Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Feb. 2010. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-010-0293-3.
B. Sivasankari, C. A. Prabha, S. Dharini, and R. Haripriya, ”IoT based indoor air pollution monitoring using raspberry pi,” Int J Innov Eng Tech, 2017, pp. 16-21.
P. Arroyo, J. L. Herrero, J. I. Suarez, and J. Lozano, ”Wireless sensor network combined with cloud computing for air quality monitoring,” Sensors Basel, 2019, pp. 691.
O. Seppanen and W. J. Fisk, ”Association of ventilation system type with SBS symptoms in office workers,” Indoor Air, 2002, pp. 98-112.