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Vol. 4, Issue. 12, PP. 109-112, December 2017
Traditionally electricity is generated near bulk storage of a resource and then transmitted to far flung areas through long and lengthy transmission lines. Thisenergy in the next phase is distributed to consumers. A fraction of electric energy lost in reaching customer’s premises is known as T&D or technical losses. Another fraction of energy lost due to electricity theft by consumers and due to errors in calculation by utility operators.These lossesare also known as commercial, non-technical and administrative losses. In Pakistan and other third world countries an enormous amount of energy is lost due to electricity theft. The portion of energy lost as unpaid back to utility causes a huge economic loss to utilities and hence the whole energy sector. The traditional electromechanical energy meter are not sufficient enough to sense and control electricity theft. The deployment of Advanced Metering infrastructure is inevitable to mitigate and control losses due to theft and it also provide exact ratio of energy used and lost.
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Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 4, Issue. 12, PP. 104-108, December 2017
In Automatic Fingerprint Identification Systems (AFIS) the quality of image is a very important factor as the minutiae extraction from fingerprint image heavily depends on image quality. To enhance the quality of fingerprint images a large number of denoising methods has been used. In this paper fingerprint image enhancement using stationary wavelet transform has been analyzed using different wavelets with different thresholds. Four different wavelets namely Haar DB4 (Daubechies), Coif2 (Coilflets) and Bior1.3 (Biorthogonal) were selected with four thresholds namely VisuShrink, NormalShrink, NeighShrink and BaysShrink. The methods were applied on three types of noises which were Speckle noise, Gaussian noise and Salt and Pepper noise. The effect of changing decomposition level on noise removal efficiency based on PSNR (Peak Signal to Noise Ratio).
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Vol. 4, Issue 11, PP. 104-109, November 2017
Electric power performs a very indispensable role in our daily life.For economic growth of countries continuous sprinting of industries is an essential part. For nonstop running of these industries, ceaseless availability of electric power is an essential requirement. To cop the power outages in the world, solar energy is getting enormous attention for the last few years because of its renewable nature, cleanliness and instant power. The only limiting factor is the efficiency of the solar system. Because on STP the PV panel gives maximum output power at 250 C. The electrical efficiency of PV cell is adversely affected by the significant increase of cell OPT during absorption of solar radiation. To overcome the temperature increase of the panel we can use different cooling agents like water, air, oil, gases and liquids but here air and water has been used as cooling agents. Due to higher heat absorption capacity of water as compared to air, output power of the panel was found higher than air. Finally, computational models were made in MATLAB to obtain results that were compared with the experimental and analytical results.
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Vol. 4, Issue 10, PP. 196-103, October 2017
This study aims to develop a power system optimization simulation environment for one of Electrical Supply Grid in Peshawar Region where theoretical, calculated and collected data is used and proposes enhancements in the distribution system as per the results of the simulation of the Particle Swarm Optimizer and Newton Rhapson Algorithm on it. The simulation framework is cross-evaluated on the IEEE-30 Bus bar system and compared with eminent researches in this field. The results are plotted and tabulated first as a comparison and then as a proposed model for Peshawar Region’s selected substations and the involved grid.
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Vol. 4, Issue 10, PP. 190-195, October 2017
Lightning Surges consequently induce high frequency overvoltage to transformers. Therefore, it is alluring to study the transfer voltage of lightning surges from primary to secondary side of transformer. Keeping in mind the end goal to do lead this review, high frequency Siemens power transformer of rating 25KVA, 25KV/400V is to be examined. In this paper, an advanced and modified high frequency model of transformer is presented for protection of load against lightning transients. Suggested model is modified form of N.A Sabiha model and based on black box, two ports four terminal network theory. For No load condition, Transformer parameters are calculated on two resonance frequencies of 450 KHz &1 MHz using fast Fourier transform. Matlab/Simulink is used for simulation analysis. Both Time and frequency domain validate the accuracy. Resemblance between the measured and calculated results confirms the precision of proposed model when an impulse of 1.2/50µs is applied to transformer terminals.
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Vol. 4, Issue 10, PP. 184-189, October 2017
Electricity that is generated from coal, natural gas and fossil fuel has an impact on human health and also causes global warming. The integration of renewable energy sources with the grid is a good solution to these problems. This approach is known as smart grid. Sources of renewable energy such as wind or PV are not able to provide a continuous supply of energy to the load due to periodic or seasonal variations. Connecting these renewable sources to the grid can help in overcoming these problems as the grid will ensure continuous supply of power to the load. The smart grid can help in reducing the impacts on human health and effects on environment and can also help in increasing efficiency, reliability and security of the grid. Simulations were carried out on Matlab software and their results shows that the use of solar system with the grid helps in reduction of the electricity charges.
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Vol. 4, Issue 10, PP. 178-183, October 2017
In modern electrical power system, the reliability is considered to be an important factor in power system operation. The term reliability defines as the ability of power system to deliver an adequate supply of electrical energy to the consumers. Fault tree analysis and event tree analysis are the two methods used here for reliability analysis. To find the failure probability fault tree is used. To classify whether the system is safe or not event tree is used. The reliability of five 220kV National Transmission and Dispatch Company (NTDC) substations of Pakistan with respect to protection failures evaluates in this paper. The main method used in this study is Event Tree Analysis. Fault tree analysis helps to find the input for event tree.
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Vol. 4, Issue 10, PP. 172-177, October 2017
The main objective of this paper is to introduce the concept of novel flat plate solar geyser with integrated heat exchanger and open loop passive system.The heat exchanger acts both as collector for solar radiations and as a heat exchanger its self for cold water beneath it. Contrary to the conventional flat plate solar collectors, water is in direct contact with the collector or flat grooved heat exchanger. A safety control box is installed to minimize hydraulic pressure of cold water reservoir on the flat grooved heat exchanger as contrary to tube a plate cannot sustain high pressures. The heat exchanger has circular grooves which adds in sustaining hydraulic pressure, increase heat exchanger exposed area to the sun and also cause turbulence in flowing cold water to increase heat rate. A special exit system for hot water is used having a float tube which enable user to withdraw hot water without pressure of cold water from cold water reservoir.
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Vol. 4, Issue 10, PP. 166-171, October 2017
Pure sine wave transformers are very important nowadays when it comes to using ds power sources for both low and high-power applications. These inverters not only increase the efficiency of the power system but also prevent electrical components from damaging. Much work has been done in the field of pure sine wave inverter but for a waveform with low number of harmonics along with high efficiency is still an open challenge. There are techniques available to do this, but the need to adapt to a solution that is easy to implement as well as specifically for low energy applications. In this paper, a multi-vibration technique is used to generate a square wave which is then split into two square waves of the same frequency by the 4017-decade counter to hold the H-bridge inverter. The output of the H-bridge inverter contains harmonics that are filtered using a low pass filter. Thus, we get a pure sin wave in the output.
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Vol. 4, Issue 9, PP. 160-165, September 2017
Recently, different ideas are developed and implemented towards the interest of getting more effective low carbon energy sources and Microgrids. A microgrid has two modes of operations, Grid connected mode of operation and stand alone mode of operation . When the mode of operation is changed from grid connected mode to stand alone mode there is a drastic reduction in the magnitude of the fault current , so this mannerism and shows the problem with the protection .In order to overcome this sort of problem we develop this scheme. In this scheme the relays are made quite intelligent to decide the mode of operation of the system and to sense the expected faults on time. Relay shows a flexible behavior to the magnitude of the fault and change its setting according to the fault magnitude. Here is the demonstration of how to develop the hardware for the adaptive relays for the purpose of protection of microgrids, certain cases are also developed to validate its operation too. Relays adopts itself to the fault to adjust its setting and time of operation.
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Vol. 4, Issue 9, PP. 156-159, September 2017
4G technology bring great prospects for the future. To obtain the desired goal, a multiplexing technique known as the OFDM i.e. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing was being suggested. OFDM provides sufficient data rate as other methods but requires less bandwidth. The idea of OFDM was conceptualized in the 60’s. Weinstein and Ebert showed that OFDM can be employed or implemented using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). With arrival of VLSI and advancement in DSP techniques, OFDM was practically implemented. OFDM has three main problems namely Intersymbol Interference (ISI), PAPR known as Peak-to-average Power ratio and the intercarrier Interference (ICI). One of most severe problem among these is ICI. Efficient methods were proposed to eliminate the ISI and reduce PAPR. This paper explains the factors that causes ICI in the 4G LTE wireless system and possible solutions to this kind of interference. The ICI increases the system probability of bit error rate (BER) increases. The system BER can be reduced by reducing the factors which have significant affects to cause ICI.
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Vol. 4, Issue 8, PP. 151-155, August 2017
This research is aimed to design a power system using particle swarm algorithm (PSA) and test its efficiency on a standard IEEE bus bar system. The algorithm has been modified for power generating system and successfully demonstrates and provides optimization results for six generating units . Reducion in fuel cost by distributing load among the generating units in inter connected bus bar system is the core area of this research. The losses in power transmission as well as generation are also minimized. Moreover, the PSA coding was executed using MATLAB and the graphs are shown for comparison with other optimization techniques. The results obtained using PSA were compared with other optimization techniques and PSA was found comparatively better than other techniques. PSA has been found to be reliable for power system optimization and hence suitable for practical purposes.
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Vol. 4, Issue 8, PP. 147-150, August 2017
One of the internet’s new revolution is Internet of Things (IOT) due to this objects themselves can recognize one another, get intelligence, transfer information to each other about their own and their ability to access the information that has been combined by other things.. The basic design of the IPV6 was that only end devices are the one with high intelligence and network is used for delivery of packets simply. In present Internet it is observed that inefficiency is created in Internet Protocol (IP) networking due to the location based packet delivery. The inefficiency comes in the environment when more objects or devices are mobile and there is chance of existence of multiple copies. Device-to-Device networking in non-stationary communication, identification of device should not be done by its location but identifier (ID) is used. Thing should be identified by its identifier (ID) rather than its location. In addition, the ID should provide compatibility with existing device IDs. The Identifier ID and existing device IDs must be compatible with one another. This article describes the limitations of IPV4 and IPv6. The limitations need to be fulfilled by Mobile Oriented Future Internet (MOFI) IoT.
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Vol. 4, Issue 8, PP. 143-146, August 2017
Photovoltaic modules (PV) are the future of renewable energy production market. They provide green energy with no carbon signature. However there exists factors which degrades the performance of PV modules. Over time, sand and dirt particles are accumulated on the surface of modules which effects its performance. Similarly little amount of field data exists about the PV plants to predict its behavior. Generally the photovoltaic modules are mounted at a fixed tilt angle which is near to the latitude of the location in order to get maximum output energy. Soiling loss effects the output power of solar modules to a great degree. It has a relationship with the terrain, and the climate behavior of the location, the tilt angle of the modules and the frequency of rain at the installation site. For un-cleaned modules, adjusting the tilt angle would result in increase in the output energy. In this research we have developed a cheap solution for monitoring the soiling losses at different tilt angles. The selection of 33.5o was done because it is the latitude of the experimental area (Peshawar) where the test results were collected, because a general thumb rule is to install the photovoltaic modules according the latitude of the installation location. Furthermore instead of using huge photovoltaic modules small scale mini-modules were used for this study and their respective power ratings and dimensions are also described in detail. These mini modules were highly accurate and sensitive since a small amount of error would result in in-accurate data. The data was collected on regular basis from the mini-modules which were installed at different tilt angles. For each tilt angle two similar mini-modules were mounted, one was cleaned regularly while the other was left out un-cleaned for the entire period of study. In addition the irradiance data was also collected. In the end of the experiment the horizontal mini-module installed showed larger losses as compared to the other mini-modules.
Muhammad Zain Ul Abideen Afridi, Postgraduate student, Electrical Energy Systems Engineering, USPCAS-E - University of Engineering & Technology Peshawar, Pakistan. Email: zainkhanafridi@gmail.com
Dr. Muhammad Naeem Arbab, Professor in Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan.
Muhammad Bilal, Postgraduate student in Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Engineering & Technology Peshawar, Pakistan. Email: bilalawan40@yahoo.com
Hammad Ullah, Postgraduate student in Embedded systems, Technical University Chemnitz, Germany. Email: hammadullah125@yahoo.com
Nasir Ishaq, Postgraduate student, Electrical Energy Systems Engineering, USPCAS-E - University of Engineering & Technology Peshawar, Pakistan, Email: nishaq@asu.edu
Muhammad Zain Ul Abideen Afridi, Postgraduate student, Electrical Energy Systems Engineering, USPCAS-E - University of Engineering & Technology Peshawar, Pakistan. Email: zainkhanafridi@gmail.com
Dr. Muhammad Naeem Arbab, Professor in Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan.
Muhammad Bilal, Postgraduate student in Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Engineering & Technology Peshawar, Pakistan. Email: bilalawan40@yahoo.com
Hammad Ullah, Postgraduate student in Embedded systems, Technical University Chemnitz, Germany. Email: hammadullah125@yahoo.com
Nasir Ishaq, Postgraduate student, Electrical Energy Systems Engineering, USPCAS-E - University of Engineering & Technology Peshawar, Pakistan. Email: nishaq@asu.edu
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Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 4, Issue 7, PP. 140-142, July 2017
Modern power systems are interconnected and exposed to external as well as internal disturbances. The stable operation of power system (Power System Stability) is the subject of great interest for power engineers for the last few decades. Stability in power system is achieved by many means, but nowadays FACTS controllers, which are a family of flexible alternating current transmission system devices, are widely used to enhance stability. Among these is the unified power flow controller (UPFC), the most versatile and prominent that controls the flow of active power and reactive power and also stabilize the voltage at selected bus. This paper presents an approach towards stability using UPFC in multi-machine power system. The proposed work is implemented in MATLAB/SIMULINK. The power system is simulated with and without UPFC to check the performance of the controller under fault condition. The simulation results show that in case when UPFC is used it takes much less time to enhance power stability after fault occurrence compared to the case without using UPFC.
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Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 4, Issue 7, PP. 136-139, July 2017
The future cellular networks intend to achieve even higher data rates and for this reason needs to be more robust against inter channel interference (ICI) and inter symbol interference (ISI). There are certain limitations that would not allow orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) to work efficiently for future requirements of cellular networks, which includes machine-to-machine (M2M) communication and Internet-of-things (IoT). In this paper the multiple input multiple output (MIMO) system is implemented with universal filtered multicarrier (UFMC) to increase its efficiency in order to achieve even higher data rates with reduced bit error rate (BER). The research would aim to evaluate the performance of UFMC MIMO for different antenna configurations and digital modulation schemes.
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Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 4, Issue 7, PP. 124-135, July 2017
All over the world the most common consuming construction material is concrete. It is well know that concrete is the combination of cement, aggregates and water. The production of cement results in the formation of carbon dioxide gas causes the environmental pollution. About 7 percent of carbon dioxide gas is evolved from cement industries to atmosphere. Keeping in view about the environmental pollution which may leads to some serious issues of health, so it is essential to use locally available pozolanic materials as a partial replacement of cement because these materials are economical as compared to Portland cement and also friendly to the environment without compromising on concrete strength. In concrete cement can be partially replaced by different supplementary cementitious materials. In the recent years pozzolonic materials, glass powder and silica fume are used in concrete as a partial cement replacement to improve the strength of concrete. In this research work the mixture of glass powder and silica fume were used in concrete as a partial cement replacement, to study its effect upon concrete strength. The mix proportion of 1:2:4 was selected for all the concrete samples with water to binder ratio of 0.55. For comparison, a control sample of concrete was prepared without mixture of glass powder and silica fume to compare it with the various samples containing different percentages of mixture of glass powder and silica fume as a partial replacement of cement in concrete. Results discovered that the usage of mixture of glass powder and silica fume in concrete as a partial replacement of cement increases the concrete strength. Such as compressive strength increases up to 8.64%, tensile strength increases up to 15% and flexural strength increases up to 7.08% at the age of 28 days. It is concluded that maximum strength is achieved at 28 days by 30 percent replacement of cement through mixture of glass powder and silica fume in concrete and the strength was decreased by increasing the mixture of glass powder and silica fume content beyond 30 percent. Therefore 30 percent replacement of cement is the optimum amount to achieve the higher strength. From the SEM analysis of concrete samples it’s proved that both the pozzolonic materials contribute in hydration process and further validated the strength test results.
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Vol. 4, Issue 6, PP. 114-123, June 2017
The impacts of electrical parameters throughout PEO development so they can be upgraded to deliver coatings with improved properties were contemplated. Alumina coatings were saved on 6060 aluminum amalgam substrates in a soluble silicate electrolyte utilizing a unipolar pulse DC current mode. The impact of preparing conditions, predominantly electrical parameters (frequency and duty cycle), on the arrangement, development conduct and properties of PEO coatings were researched. Distinctive portrayal techniques including checking electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry, and contact tests were utilized to contemplate the microstructure, morphology and properties of the coatings. The connection between the phase of the PEO procedure and the properties of the covering were appeared. The voltage-time reaction was observed to be critical since it gave promptly quantifiable and helpful data about these stages. It was found that the microstructure, morphology, development rate, stage conveyance and organization of coatings could be changed by shifting the electrical parameters.
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Vol. 4, Issue 6, PP. 108-113, June 2017
In the recent history, Guet Ndar development planning has caused problems of poverty, land use, housing and infrastructure in the cities, the scale and intensity of urban problems, which the developing countries in Africa, including Senegal, are phenomena that arise with much more acute. These problems are, to a large extent, population growth, the severe shortage and economic uncertainty of resources that can be devoted to investment, particularly for urban basic services, social housing and the development of the living environment. There is also the fact that, for a long time, the development strategies are focused on rural development in logic of most interventionist who came to independence. Unfortunately, in many cases, this approach to the development of the rural sector has not achieved the expected results and the urban centers were the first victims of poor performance. In Senegal, the government tried to restructure the habitat areas for years without achieving the objectives set. In Guet Ndar, for example, the population believes that it has not always been associated with projects on the neighborhood, which caused some rejection and failure. Today, in order to reclaim the space of Guet Ndar, it is imperative to be in collaboration with the population to restructure, to find spaces to rehouse the surplus population, to create basic infrastructures and to reorganize the fishing activity.
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Vol. 4, Issue 5, PP. 101-107, May 2017
The objective of this paper is to utilize wasted heat and hot pressurized air from the exhaust duct of the generator in generating station to produce electricity. This heat and exhaust air is produced due to two types of losses i.e, core losses and copper losses inside generator and its temperature gradient with respect to the external environment. To accomplish this task a hybrid system consisting of Thermoelectric Cells and Wind Turbine assembly is designed in which Thermoelectric Cells produces electricity using the wasted heat based upon the Seebeck effect while the wind turbine generates electricity due to high speed wind striking its specially designed blades according to the modern Aero-Dynamical designs. This hybrid system will work in parallel with the main Generator acting as auxiliary electricity generating source. This system will provide improved results at higher temperature differences and high pressure of wind.
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Vol. 4, Issue 5, PP. 93-100, May 2017
The various political regimes that have succeeded Senegal have initiated different projects, programs, strategies and plans in several sectors including Plan Senegal Emergent (PSE) which is the latest to place Senegal in ramps of the emergence or development. The results were more or less satisfactory. Therefore, it seems important, through this study, to mention an important part of water and sanitation in our human settlements: neighborhoods without adequate treatment, may further delay the long awaited emergence/development of our country. One of the major events in recent decades in Senegal is Guet Ndar, a neighborhood located in the Municipality of Saint-Louis in northern Senegal, is a perfect illustration with a high concentration of the population in urban areas consecutive high rate of natural increase. The physical constraints to the expansion of the district, it is densely populated over the years both in terms of habitat and population, reaching a population of more than 16,000 inhabitants on a 16.9 hectares [1], making it one of the most densely populated areas of Senegal. In these conditions, access to water and sanitation for that district of populations is complicated by the current lack of planned and operational solution. The town of Saint-Louis, in this context of the policy in support of the people problems, is considering a number of projects to improve the environment and living conditions of the population. Guet Ndar is characterized by: narrow streets, promiscuity, lack or weakness of networks (water, electricity, telephone, sanitation, and roads), amenities (schools, health, socio-educational, worship, etc.) and the lack of property titles. Eventually, the living conditions in these areas will be significantly improved with the resolution of the problem of water and sanitation, which are the necessities. Yet the challenge of the emergence and sustainable development of Guet Ndar will be difficult to meet if the area is not properly sanitized. It constitutes a real bottleneck for the City of St. Louis. In this respect, in a context where the emergence is brandished as, lack of sanitation should not find its place in municipalities and cities of Senegal leading to be the locomotive of growth. This study provides some possible solutions to create better living conditions for the residents of Guet Ndar and could assist local authorities in their missions.
Cheikh DIOP: Birthplace: Ngaye-Ngaye, Senegal, Date of Birth: February 14, 1977. 2012-Current: Ph.D in Urban Planning in the College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Tongji University, Shanghai, China. 2009: Master degree in Planning, Decentralization and Local Development, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal. 2007: Master degree in Land Use Planning, Gaston Berger University, Saint-Louis, Senegal. 1998: Graduated Mame Cheikh Mbaye High school, Tambacounda, Senegal. In 2007, he was a SUPERVISOR in the National Survey on Women Rights and Access to Land: A Citizen to Conquer by the Gender and Society Study and Research Group (GSSRG) at the Gaston Berger University in Saint -Louis. In August 2009, he participated in the development of the Local Development Plan as a RESEARCHER for the Rural Community of Ndiebene Gandiol (Region of Sain-Louis). In August 2009, he did a four-month internship at the Saint-Louis Communal Development Agency in the Urban Planning Department. During this internship, he worked as an URBAN PLANNER for the development and restructuring of the districts of Guet Ndar. At the same time, he participated in the International Urban Workshop; Saint-Louis 2030: New African Metropolis. The theme was: In response to new environmental challenges, what strategy will ensure dynamic, balanced and sustainable development. In January 2010, he worked under the Mayor of Saint-Louis, as PROJECT MANAGER of decentralized cooperation projects. In January 2011, he worked as the MANAGER of the Private Parking and the Operations of Pound of the Municipality of Saint-Louis. In 2010, Dr. Diop took part in the students and young professionals urban workshop with 6 other specialists from different countries and published “Saint-Louis 2030: New African Metropolis in Les Ateliers Urban planning and Development journal. The theme was: In response to new environmental challenges, what strategy will ensure dynamic, balanced and sustainable development.
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Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 4, Issue 5, PP. 89-92, May 2017
Next generation network (NGN) is taking the focus of different service providers because the requirement for the bandwidth has increased and the service providers also wants to offer some other services for their users. Next generation network is not handling the voice and data differently but voice and data are congregated. So this congregation has raised some question on the Quality of service (QOS) in NGN. This paper is the result of survey about the QOS mechanisms in NGN. Different mechanisms have been studied and presented their comparison in this paper.
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Vol. 4, Issue 5, PP. 83-88, May 2017
With the constant deteriorating of concrete structures and high cost of reconstruction, the need to strengthen them as they age is very important. One of the ways is the use of Fiber Reinforced Polymers (FRP). For the past two decades, research into the use of FRP to strengthen existing concrete structures is on the rise with the bond between FRP and concrete of high importance. With the evolution of these research fields, time is of the essence in this engineering world hence a valid finite elemental model will be of immense contribution. This current research seeks to analytically analyze the bond shear strength between FRP and concrete using ANSYS software. A control model is initially developed and compared with experimental and theoretical data developed by J. Yao et al. and, J.G. Teng and J.F. Chen respectively. The near-end supported (NES) single-shear pull test method was used.
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Vol. 4, Issue 5, PP. 78-82, May 2017
The comparative analysis of routing protocols of MANETs in VANETs under different scenarios. The tests were conducted in MATLAB by varying the vehicles densities. The different parameters used to study these analysises are Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), Average End-to-End Delay (E2ED), Normalized Routing Overhead (NRO), and Average Link Duration (ALD).
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Vol. 4, Issue 5, PP. 67-77, May 2017
In this paper the development and implementation of speed control of a single phase induction motor through radio frequency module is presented. The proposed speed control method enables the user to operate an induction motor remotely. In this scheme any button on the remote can be used for the speed control of the induction motor. Whenever any push button switch of remote controller is pressed on the remote control, the transmitter transmits the wireless signal to the receiver module. Subsequently, this signal was decoded by the decoder and the firing angle of ac voltage controller can be controlled.
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Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 4, Issue 5, PP. 60-66, May 2017
Optimizing load shedding (LS) in developing country has become a major control challenge facing the power distribution companies today resulting from poor generation to losses of power via the transmission lines and theft of energy at the distribution levels. This paper deals with LS issue posed on the utility providers, most load shedding scheme proposed so far used either voltage or frequency parameters known as under frequency voltage load shedding (UFLS) by this it means in a situation where frequency is 50 ± 0.25 Hz the utility provider will no longer ahead to the stipulated laws governing the frequency and for the under voltage load shedding (UVLS) scheme the percentage voltage drop which is + or - 6% in line with International Electrotechenical Commission (IEC 60038) will be violated, in this paper both (UFLS) and (UVLS) indices were used in achieving a more comprehensive, effective, and reliable load shedding strategy from the result analysis of the network which comprise of three feeders and sixty-three substation using ETAP 12.6 in running the load flow analysis, it was very clear that all buses in service as at the time of this analysis violated the percentage voltage drop but with the exception of a particular substation which also doubles at point load which was within the percentage voltage drop both at peak period and off peak period of the day with the combination of both method UFLS and UVLS the substation which were outside the acceptable voltage and frequency range were now operate within the stipulated rule also the substations on the distribution network (Feeder) were automated to drop or pick load on its own without any human interference the system.
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Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 4, Issue 4, PP. 54-59, April 2017
Photonic crystals are consisting of a periodic dielectric medium that can affect the electromagnetic wave propagation by creating allowed and forbidden electronic energy bands. Bands of wavelengths which are not allowed are called photonic band gaps. An optical cavity can trap light at resonance frequencies and thus also be called as an optical resonator. By rapidly changing the cavity’s resonance wavelength, it is possible to forcefully change the wavelength of photons captured in a cavity. It is achievable that the wavelength conversion of light across the simple dynamic refractive index tuning of a PC cavity. Our main purpose in this research is to find out which is the most beneficial material for optical converter. Applications like laser converters, coherent converters and opto-electronic converters are based on optically controlled gates are being highly researching for future use. The simulation process is done by FDTD solution method. This work aims at both developing highly nonlinear optical wavelength converter and demonstrating via cavity tuning through different types of material (silicon, GaAs, Germanium) at telecommunications wavelengths. We investigate the field intensity characteristics of wavelength-converted light. We used three different ways of cavity tuning and applied on three different material (Si, GaAs and Ge) to find out which one shows more better response. According to our result there is no noticeable peak at the original wavelength. After the simulation process, tuned through the cavity it shows that 100% wavelength conversion occurs in this process. Our results indicate that this wavelength conversion process can be noticed in clear eye. The significance of this research project is that it shows us a path to choose dielectric medium for future use.
© The authors retain all copyrights
This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 4, Issue 4, PP. 49-53, April 2017
Salinity is an important environmental constraint to crop productivity in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Most crop plants, including tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill), are sensitive to salinity throughout the ontogeny of the plant. Biochar was used in the present study to improve the available water content (AWC), growth, yield and irrigation water use efficiency of tomato plant under saline soil condition. The biochar was applied at the rates of, 0%, 2% and 4% w/w and expressed as Ck (control), T1 and T2, respectively. The experiment was conducted in the pots inside the greenhouse. The results showed that soil bulk density, field capacity, permanent wilting point, AWC, and soil organic matter were improved significantly as biochar application rate increased. Biochar application also enhanced plant height, stem diameter, plant fresh and dry weights and yield components of tomato plant. It was found that biochar application at T2 treatment in the whole growing period was best to improve tomato plant growth and yield, providing a biochar amendment recommendation for tomato production in field. Moreover, biochar application improved the irrigation water use efficiency. Therefore, biochar amendment could be an effective option to improve saline soil which affected croplands.
© The authors retain all copyrights
This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 4, Issue 2, PP. 41-48, February 2017
Searching on the web can be considered as a process of user enters the query and search system returns a set of most relevant pages in response to user’s query. But results returned are not mostly relevant to user’s query and ranking of the pages are not efficient according to user requirement. In order to improve the precision of ranking of the web pages, after analyzing the different algorithms like Page Rank, Weighted Page Rank, Page Rank based on VOL, Weighted Page Rank algorithm based on VOL. In this paper, we are proposing enhancement by including “User Activities Time” and “Page Reading Time” in Weighted Page Rank based on VOL algorithm (WPRVOL). Page Reading Time (PRT) is the total time page remains focused in browser tab. User Activities Time (UAT) is the total time user does activities like Key Press, Mouse Click, Touch the Screen and Scrolling the page etc. WPRVOL Algorithm signifies the importance of a web page for a user and thus helps in increasing the accuracy of web page ranking. Our proposed Extended Weighted Page Rank based on Visit of links (EWPRvolT) algorithm is a page ranking mechanism, which considers user browsing behavior / user using trends into account. Other algorithms discussed in literature are either link or content oriented. WPRVOL has already being devised for search engines, which works very much similar to weighted page rank algorithm and takes number of visits of inbound links of web pages into account. Also we are making one more improvement in our algorithm (EWPRvolT) by storing the no of visits on links, PRT and UAT information directly on Search Engine database server instead of storing it on client’s web server in the form of logs which was suggested in earlier literature. The proposed improvement in algorithm finds more relevant information according to user’s query. So, this concept is very useful to display most important and useful pages on the top of the result list on the basis of user usage trends, which reduce the search space to a large scale for user.
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This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 4, Issue 2, PP. 33-40, February 2017
In the power grid system, the prime subjects are to transmit power with supreme power factor and high power quality, supreme transient stability, economical and minimum risk of system failure. The constantly growth of electrical power demands and loads, particularly non-linear loads making the power system network become more obscure to operate and the system becomes unstable with large power flows without proper control and operation. The development in power system with time have brings new challenges and sometimes it is tough to operate system in stable condition due to complex system network. Though, on the other side there is vast development been made in power electronics, which helps the power system to continue in stable condition during most horrible condition occurred due to fault. One of the creation of power electronics is FACTS technology. FACTS (Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systems) devices are created on power electronics and other dynamic controllers that provide control of one or more AC transmission system parameters to enhance controllability and growth power transfer capability. One way to enhance the power system control is by applying FACTS controller such UPFC (Unified Power Flow Controller). UPFC can control voltage, impedance and phase at alike time. The UPFC control scheme for the grid connected power system is simulated by MATLAB/PSAT in power system block set. By means of IEEE 9 bus power system network, the effectiveness of UPFC are tested by applying the 3-phase fault at dissimilar buses and evaluated the performance of FACTS devices in IEEE nine bus power system during fault condition.
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This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 4, Issue 1, PP. 29-32, January 2017
This Paper presents the basic concept and methodology of smart grid, intelligent load management, intelligent load shedding, theft control, and automatic monitoring through wireless communication using Zigbee module. We have three main units in our project main server, intelligent terminal, local controller. The main server is used to monitor the load and distribute the load according to the requirement of the local controller. The intelligent terminal unit (I.T.U) is a customized unit that is used to distribute the load to the local controller. The local controller is used to monitor and store the consumption of load of the user. Simulations are carried out using PROTEUS Software to verify the performance of the proposed controller. The output shows the controller has fast dynamic response high accuracy of monitoring controlling.
© The authors retain all copyrights
This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 4, Issue 1, PP. 21-28, January 2017
The Monte Carlo technique has been used quite extensively in the exploration business but to a much lesser degree in reserve estimation and production forecasting. Whether those forecasts or estimation are made with detailed reservoir simulation, enough production history data or decline curve techniques, there will be uncertainty in the forecasts. The Monte Carlo method performs random sampling from probability functions which describe the uncertainty of various input parameters in the OHIP (Original Hydrocarbon In Place) mathematical model. Therefore, use of the probabilistic approach is superior in green fields rather than brown fields because it captures the full range of reality and where models are not yet calibrated to dynamic data. In this study, a Monte Carlo simulation model integrated in MBAL software was run for a deep heterogeneous gas condensate field in Niger Delta. This field was separated into two major fault blocks. The study captures phase behavior of gas-condensate systems under isothermal depletion and also requirements for accurate estimation of reservoir properties of zones bearing gas-condensate systems.The result from the simulation shows Monte Carlo probabilistic P50 case which are; 110Bscf of gas and 16mmstb of condensate were approximately 13Bscf and 3.7MMstb greater than volumetric estimate from an Independent 3rd party company. The indication is that the values of parameters that determine the P50 case where more optimistic than the P90 and P10 case due to the closeness of the figures of P50 case and those estimated by the other party. This method is not only more flexible in dealing with uncertainties but is also more advantageous for providing a better basis for investment decisions.
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This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 4, Issue 1, PP. 10-20, January 2017
Accuracy assessment of remote sensed classified images is considered the backbone of remote sensing image processing to be considered credible. However, reference data to perform this task is also a considerable challenge for the remote sensing analyst. This study was carried out over Kigali city using Landsat remotely sensed imagery acquired on July 15, 2015, to compare multi-sourced reference data performance to assess the accuracy of classified Landsat remote sensed imagery. To achieve this objective, GeoEye-1, WorldView-2, Google earth high-resolution image, and GIS layers have been used to verify the accuracy of remote-sensed data classification. In this study, we applied different reference data sources to Landsat 2015 classified images to assess the accuracy. Therefore, results from GEOEYE-1 image as reference data source displayed the total accuracy and kappa coefficient of 98.5% and 0.98 respectively. WorldView-2 MS Image revealed 97.25% of total accuracy and a 0.96 Kappa coefficient agreement. High-resolution rectified images generated using El-Shayal Smart GIS Editor also show its capabilities to assess the accuracy of Landsat remote sensed data whose results were 94% and 0.92%, respectively, for overall accuracy and total Kappa statistics. Furthermore, the remote sensing analyst should not worry about where or how to find reference data to assess image classification so long as they possess GIS shape files. GIS shape files provide good results where the overall accuracy was 92% and a Kappa coefficient of 0.90. Moreover, GIS shape files results showed a slightly lower accuracy because of data properties; it is recommended to check projection before using any spatial data. This paper strongly focused on soft features during ground reference data collection. Test data from GEOEYE-1 images have shown the best thematic accuracy after being overlaid with Kigali 2015 thematic map. All of the referenced data sources, in general, showed the ability to assess remote sensed classified map in the range of 90% to 98.5% for both total accuracies of the map and kappa accuracy.
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This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 4, Issue 1, PP. 5-9, January 2017
Abstract— Latest trend in research tend to fulfill requirements of the most talked about 5G networks. These networks need to be engineered in terms of cost, energy and spectral efficiency, number of connected devices and latency. Cognitive Radio (CR) is one of the promising techniques to meet the above mentioned requirements that operates at microwave frequencies and exploits underutilized spectrum bands. Universal Filtered Multi-Carrier (UFMC) is a new channel judgment method that use multicarrier modulation scheme. UFMC is consider like an applicant for the 5th Generation of wireless communication systems and replaces OFDM .Latest research indicates that cellular networks are better operated with the novel UFMC with enhanced performance in terms of improved spectral efficiency, less usage of energy as well as latency. However, an emerging area of Information and Communication technology (ICT) are Cognitive radio based Sensor Networks (CSNs). Even basic observations using empirical approach can reveal important observations, especially if the above mentioned latest channel estimation technique (UFMC) , is tried and observed for CSNs. The option of CSNs as test bed is based on abundant use of the supporting in various social and military setups. In this work, part of frequency synchronization and channel estimation are explore and correlate with OFDM and UFMC systems with CSNs as tested, primarily with a computer-aided software simulator and also with real time experimentation in special laboratory if resources permit.
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This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 4, Issue 1, PP. 1-4, January 2017
Adaptive Inverse Filter (AIF) is the standard, tracking,control technique or method which has provided an extensive range of uses and applications for the last several years. This research paper deals with the adaptive inverse Filter(AIF) structure which is being utilized for the stabilized or stable linear systems. Also closed loop features of the AIF are similar as that of the low pass adaptive filtering. Hence, it reduces the consequences of disturbance and the noise. The simulation outcomes for the Linear Minimum phase system or plants are presented to validate the worth of the proposed scheme. AIF has displayed enhanced results in terms of the tracking output.
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This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.