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Vol. 8, Issue 12, PP. 315-319, December 2021
Heat exchanger tubes generally deteriorate or corrode as a result of their susceptibility to a wide range of tube and shell mediums under varying working conditions. The current study aimed to conduct a failure analysis of heat exchangers in the Petrochemical Industries under various operating conditions. According to kinetic and thermal analysis, heat exchanger tubes corroded primarily as a result of the carbon dioxide (CO2) solute in crude oil passing through the tubes, causing electrochemical corrosion. Polarized tests were carried out to analyze the outer surface cavities produced on the tubes. Tests revealed that CO2 had no substantial association with cavities on the surface of the tube. Additionally, microstructural analysis of corroded heat exchangers tubes demonstrated that solid suspended particles of high hardness present in crude oil or methanol detached from previous phase catalysis causing electrochemical as well as the erosion-corrosion mechanism inside and outside heat exchanger tubes. Appropriate methods for prevention or mitigation of tubes corrosion were proposed based on the corrosion cause.
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[13] R. Sharma, H. Poelman, G.B. Marin, V.V. Galvita, Approaches for selective oxidation of methane to methanol, Catalysts 10 (2) (2020) 194.
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[17] F.J. Chen, C. Yao, Z.G. Yang, Failure analysis on abnormal wall thinning of heat-transfer titanium tubes of condensers in nuclear power plant Part II: Erosion and cavitation corrosion, Eng. Fail. Anal. 37 (2014) 4252.
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[19] Y. Gong, Z.G. Yang, J.Z. Yuan, Failure analysis of leakage on titanium tubes within heat exchangers in a nuclear power plant. Part II: Mechanical degradation, Mater. Corros. 63 (1) (2012) 1828.
[20] Y. Gong, Z.G. Yang, X.H. Meng, Failure analysis of one peculiar Yin-Yangcorrosion morphology on heat exchanger tubes in puri?ed terephthalic acid (PTA) dryer, Eng. Fail. Anal. 31 (2013) 203210.
[21] S. Xu, C. Wang, W. Wang, Failure analysis of stress corrosion cracking in heat exchanger tubes during start-up operation, Eng. Fail. Anal. 51 (2015) 18.
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[24] A. Korchef, M. Touaibi, Effect of pH and temperature on calcium carbonate precipitation by CO2 removal from iron-rich water, Water Environ. J. (2019) 111.
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[26] T. Magne, R. Paridaens, F. Ravelet, S. Khelladi, F. Bakir, P. Tomov, L. Pora, Effect of gas content on the cavitating and non-cavitating performance of an axial three-bladed inducer, Multiphase Sci. Technol. 32 (1) (2020).
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[28] Y. Hou, C. Aldrich, K. Lepkova, B. Kinsella, Detection of under deposit corrosion in a CO2 environment by using electrochemical noise and recurrence quantification analysis, Electrochim. Acta 274 (2018) 160169.
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© The authors retain all copyrights
This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 8, Issue 12, PP. 305-314, December 2021
Community development projects (community projects) are established in the communities to enhance the lifestyle and living situation of the communities. In the area under observation, some of these community projects that were established for the welfare of the communities get failed or were not sustainable, despite having heavily foreign funding, state of the art construction and astonishing infrastructure. But, some of these projects which are locally funded, have some vague structures that are well operated and give effective outcomes for the community. This research is investigating the reasons for the failure or success of these community projects. The objective of this study is to examine the failure of community-based and highlight the success of community-owned micro hydro power projects in the northern areas of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan. This research is based on both qualitative and quantitative approaches. A survey has been conducted based on questionnaires and interviews. The outcome of this research will help the development authorities and other funding donor agencies to provide guidelines and strategies for better improvement of their future community project development.
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[5] Mwangangi, Patrick Muthui, and Daniel M. Wanyoike. "ANALYSIS OF FACTORS AFFECTING SUSTAINABILITY OF COMMUNITY BOREHOLE WATER PROJECTS IN KYUSO, KITUI COUNTY, KENYA."
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[17] Ababa C, T. (2013). Factors Influencing Sustainability of Rural Community Based Water Projects in Mtito Andei, Kibwezi Sub-County. MA Project: University of Nairobi. Kenya.
[18] Ndou, Dzivhulwani Norman. An investigation into the reasons for failure of community-based projects at Folovhodwe, Limpopo. Diss. 2012.
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© The authors retain all copyrights
This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 8, Issue 12, PP. 298-304, December 2021
The world is faced with the global challenge of climate change and there are two approaches to mitigate the conditions. Decrease the usage of fossil-fuels and increase the contribution of renewable sources to the energy mix, to decrease the Green House Gases (GHG) and carbon footprints. Large solar PV system utilizes a lot of ground space and it poses a challenge to the congested urban centers. This study offers a solution by optimizing the rooftop space for solar PV system through geo-spatial analysis by using multiple modelling approaches satellite image digitization and Arc-GIS. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is the target of study, where the energy demand-supply comparison and socio-economic analysis have been observed to find the technical barriers and policy barries in the light of existant renewable energy policy with recommendations for future planning.
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© The authors retain all copyrights
This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 8, Issue 12, PP. 294-297, December 2021
The energy crisis in Pakistan is a very major problem. The energy sector play a vital role in prospering the country. In Pakistan, the 10% of the total power and more is only consumed by Agriculture. The shortage of power greatly effects the food production. It was reported in Pakistan Social and Living Standard Measurement that almost seventeen out of every hundred households face food insecurity (moderate to severe). With the increasement in population, the problem may get worse and the country needs to take proper measure to make the food-sector self-supporting in terms of power. It is inevitable to use Solar PV system for agriculture sector in a country where the solar irradiance is in high number. In this study, the Solar PV system is used for irrigation of wheat field, the system Performance Ratio (PR), and the system loss diagram which showed all the major and minor loss throughout the process and in the end, the Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) has been done. So that the proper incite is given the reader by comparing both the Diesel Operated Irrigation System (DOIS) and Solar PV Irrigation System (SPIS). By adopting the method discussed in the research, the Power Sector which consume more than 10% will bring down the percentage with significant point and this 10% can be then used for other productivity. The food shortage and high food prices may also be reduced.
[1] Akhtar, S., Hashmi, M.K., Ahmad, I. and Raza, R., 2018. Advances and significance of solar reflectors in solar energy technology in Pakistan. Energy & Environment, 29(4), pp.435-455.
[2] Irfan Jamil, Jinquan Zhao, Li Zhang, Rehan Jamil, Syed Furqan Rafique, "Evaluation of Energy Production and Energy Yield Assessment Based on Feasibility, Design, and Execution of 3??50?MW Grid-Connected Solar PV Pilot Project in Nooriabad", International Journal of Photoenergy, vol. 2017, Article ID 6429581, 18 pages, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/6429581.
[3] Javid, M. and Qayyum, A., 2014. Electricity consumption-GDP nexus in Pakistan: A structural time series analysis. Energy, 64, pp.811-817.
[4] Verma, S., Mishra, S., Chowdhury, S., Gaur, A., Mohapatra, S., Soni, A. and Verma, P., 2021. Solar PV powered water pumping systemA review. Materials Today: Proceedings, 46, pp.5601-5606.
[5] Tian, D., Zhou, C.J. and He, J.H., 2018. HallPetch effect and inverse HallPetch effect: A fractal unification. Fractals, 26(06), p.1850083.
[6] Battarra, M. and Mucchi, E., 2020. On the assessment of lumped parameter models for gear pump performance prediction. Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory, 99, p.102008.
[7] Islam, M.R., Sarker, P.C. and Ghosh, S.K., 2017. Prospect and advancement of solar irrigation in Bangladesh: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 77, pp.406-422
© The authors retain all copyrights
This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 8, Issue 12, PP. 289-293, December 2021
The prosperity and living standard of any nation depends on the amount and quality of energy services they are using. The introduction of new technologies and high performance appliances have very much improved the life style as well the economic conditions of people. But still there are many remote areas which are lacking access to clean energy, and most of those are rural areas. This work is focused on northern areas of Pakistan being electrified by off grid systems, mostly Micro Hydro-Projects (MHPs). We have evaluated the World Banks Multi-Tier Framework (MTF) for measuring the household electricity access because the traditional binary indicators are not accurate and might be misleading in some cases. Data from surveys and interviews is used for the targeted areas where Micro Hydro Projects (MHPs) are installed by government as well as national and foreign funding agencies. This study has shown the energy access conditions in Shangla, Kalam and Chitral areas of Pakistan by using a Multi-Tier Framework approach. It has also tried to explain that MTF addresses multiple objectives and it declares that access to energy measurement is highly sensitive to any changes in data availability and parameter values. We have also discussed some of the observations and limitations of this framework that needs some improvement for its application in future.
© The authors retain all copyrights
This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 8, Issue 12, PP. 281-288, December 2021
Anaerobic digestion is a green and sustainable technology in which organic material is converted into burnable gas. This technology is used in many countries to fulfill mainly the energy needs of agricultural and domestic sector. The process is called anaerobic digestion because it is performed in the absence of oxygen. Different researches showed that biogas can also be generated from food waste. In this project, a small scale anaerobic digester is designed and fabricated to convert the kitchen waste into biogas. An experiment was performed to check biogas production potential of different samples. It was observed that the sample containing carbohydrates produced the most amount of biogas. This sample was selected for further testing and data collection.
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[4] Mao, C., Feng, Y., Wang, X. and Ren, G., 2015. Review on research achievements of biogas from anaerobic digestion. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 45, pp.540-555.
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[14] Dioha, I.J., Ikeme, C.H., Nafiu, T., Soba, N.I. and Yusuf, M.B.S., 2013. Effect of carbon to nitrogen ratio on biogas production. International Research Journal of Natural Sciences, 1(3), pp.1-10.
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© The authors retain all copyrights
This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 8, Issue 12, PP. 272-280, December 2021
Frequency is the most important parameter in the power system. For satisfactory operation of power system, the frequency should remain constant to its desired value. Almost all components used in the power system itself and electrical appliances are designed for a specific frequency. Some reasons of frequency deviation include: sudden load change (mismatch between supply and demand), faults and renewable energy integration in the grid system. To maintain the frequency in their desired value, traditionally generation side controllers are used. Due to their high operational cost, generation side controllers are not desirable by the power system operators. This research proposes a Demand Response (DR) technique as a promising alternate for the conventional generation controllers. It regulates the frequency by switching the responsive load ON or OFF. The proposed research operates in three different operational modes depending upon generation and load demand. Mode 1: When generation is greater than demand side load, the proposed system will switch ON the dummy load to regulate frequency, while in mode 2: Generation is less than demand side load, then the system will regulate frequency by switching OFF the non-critical load using ant colony method. In mode 3: Generation is considered to be equal to demand, in this mode there is no need to switch OFF or ON any load because frequency is already in a desired limit. By using DR program, the amount of reserved required can be reduced and hence it is more cost effective. In addition it provides a wide range of operating time frame, from a few seconds to few minutes.
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Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 8, Issue 11, PP. 267-271, November 2021
Consumers regulate power use through two-way transmission between the source and the customer via Smart Meters, according to Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) (SM). Smart Grid helps to reduce power consumption expenses by utilising DSM. User latency, on the other hand, increases as a result of home appliance planning. This problem with scheduling is characterised as an optimization problem. Meta-heuristic algorithms have garnered a lot of attention in recent years as a technique to solve optimization problems. As a result, using the Cuckoo Search Algorithm and the Multi-universe Algorithm, we provide an effective technique in HEMS to address the appliances optimization problem (MVO). One smart home and a smart building are part of the proposed concept, which includes thirty smart homes. Suggested solutions are exceptionally efficient in terms of power usage and Peak to Average Ratio reduction (PAR). Aside from that, the suggested solution strikes the right balance between power expenses and user comfort. The Real-Time Pricing (RTP) signal is used to compute the power cost of a single smart dwelling or a smart building.
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Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 8, Issue 10, PP. 262-266, October 2021
Axial flux Permanent magnet (AFPM) machines are popular due to their higher power density and reduced size. In recent years development of electrical drives and other direct drive applications, axial flux machines are gaining more attention. AFPM machines have a problem of cogging torque that needs to be tackled carefully. Cogging torque produces electrical noise and torque ripples. Power of an AFPM machine is directly proportional to its diameter, which makes cogging torque a sensitive design parameter. Cogging torque is proportional to the square flux and change in reluctance, with respect to its position to the stator. This paper paper explores various cogging torque reduction techniques.
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[5] Praveen Kumar and Rakesh Kumar Srivastava, "Influence of Rotor Magnet Shapes on Performance of Axial Flux Permanent Magnet Machines," Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 85, 155-165, 2018. doi:10.2528/PIERC18041909
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[9] L. Hao, M. Lin, D. Xu, N. Li and W. Zhang, "Cogging Torque Reduction of Axial-Field Flux-Switching Permanent Magnet Machine by Rotor Tooth Notching," in IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 51, no. 11, pp. 1-4, Nov. 2015, Art no. 8208304, doi: 10.1109/TMAG.2015.2453340.
[10] Patel A N, Suthar B N. Double Layer Magnet Design Technique for Cogging Torque Reduction of Dual Rotor Single Stator Axial Flux Brushless DC Motor. IJEEE. 2020; 16 (1) :58-6
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This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 8, Issue 10, PP. 249-261, October 2021
The demand for electricity is rising. speedily and installation of latest transmission lines is tough owing to factors relating to the environment and conjointly its not economical specially in full space wherever right of means is a problem as putting in new lines decrease the change of state of the world. In Asian nation the put in capability is bigger than the overall demand, the most reason is that the poor gear mechanism and therefore the power flow capability of the prevailing conductor to be exaggerated that is completed by victimization compensation devices. Recently, new advancement in versatile AC gear mechanism (FACTS) technology that is employed for reactive power compensation. Static synchronous series compensator belongs to FACTS family. It controls the flow of power in conductor and injects the voltage in construction with the conductor current. During this analysis, a 132 potential unit conductor returning from Kohat grid station to Gurguri grid station is chosen as a check system as a result of there a voltage stability issue and high demand in summer months of June, July and august throughout now the losses will increase and cargo shedding phenomena become a typical issue. to realize voltage stability and enhance power flow within the network Static Syunchrouns Series Compensation (SSSC) technique has been during this analysis work. The check Simulink is used to simulate the model. for varied situations and therefore the results of active power ,voltage , current are examined while not victimization SSSC and with SSSC within the check system. The check system was conjointly simulated underneath a typical 3 section contact fault and therefore the result shows that by victimization SSSC the oscillations damped terribly compared to the circuit, fast while not victimization SSSC and therefore the Stability is preserved.
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[17] P. Dhoble, A. Bhandakkar Active Reactive Power Flow Control Using Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IOSR-JEEE) e-ISSN: 2278-1676,p-ISSN: 2320-3331, Volume 7, Issue 6 (Sep. - Oct. 2013)
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This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 8, Issue 09, PP. 244-248, September 2021
Earth is facing the issues of power crises despite of the fact that it contains unlimited resources in it. This is all due to mismanagement of resource usage or poor planning. Exploring and developing of new ventures takes time and budget, so for developing and under develop countries it is very tough to manage, so all they are left with is well management of resources. Problem the world, especially South Asian countries are facing with conventional load management is the loose control on consumer demand, peak shaving methods, efficient utilization of system and poor reliability. This paper is proposing an idea through which we can manage high power demand of consumers, utilize the power generated efficiently and promptly, take control of load on very root level, increase or decrease it, instead of cutting of whole feeders for peak shaving called as Load Confinement Method. The process is implemented using simulations, performing several experiments.
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© The authors retain all copyrights
This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 8, Issue 09, PP. 237-243, September 2021
In the recent era of technological advancements, it becomes the basic needs of the day that every person wants a better and faster means of communication. Antennas design is of the greater importance to achieve better communication. With the development advances of communication systems in different fields of study such as development in the field of IoTs (internet of things) antenna design becomes the talk of the day. Antenna design also has many complications in its design, structure and working. Researchers are trying to achieve such antenna design which should be simple, easy to use and no complexities in structure. This research study circulates around a design and investigation of a newly designing of circularly polarized (CP) micro-strip antena with a conical pattern of radiations. Major distinctive feature of such design includes single feeding mode, simple design and low profile. The octagon shaped patch can be obtained by two superimposed square patches. Omnidirectional circularly polarized radiation from two superimposed square patches is acquired by generating two mutually perpendicular degenerated TM11 modes. This research study is carried out to understand the fabrication and operation technique of CP micro-strip Patch antenna and the results are obtained. The obtained results shown the linearity with the simulation as well as theoretical results. The antenna is capable to generate conically CP radiation samples with average axial ratio (AR) of value 1.8 dB in azimuthal plane (Ө=45̊). 3-dB AR BW covers GPS L1 band.
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Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 8, Issue 08, PP. 232-236, August 2021
The rampant increase in demand of electrical energy with raising life standards owing to technological advancement coupled with already stressed power system infrastructure, has exacerbated the energy regime. Chasing this demand gap, many countries are heavily investing in non-renewable generating plants. On one hand, it will worsen the global climatic condition, while on the other hand it will further tense the power transmission and distribution systems. A better alternative is to invest in renewable DG’s along with the culture of energy sharing. Currently, net metering is widely used for energy sharing, yet the introduction of Blockchain will revolutionize this industry. A dedicated analysis based on payback, break-even point, levelized cost of energy, and rate of return has been carried out for both net metering and Blockchain system to find a workable distributed transactive energy exchange framework for con(pro)sumers in a micro-grid.
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Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 8, Issue 08, PP. 226-231, August 2021
Technological advancements have a broad scope in terms of experimental, analytical, field cases and numerical studies in complex petroleum engineering projects. These can be pertinent to transportation system and gathering and safety in oil and gas production. The current research was aimed at examining the challenges pertinent to safety prognostic technology as well as various ways in which it can be implemented for resolving issues in complex petroleum engineering projects. For the conduct of this research, qualitative methodology was used and primary data was assessed to present critical evaluation of the stated aim. The interviews were conducted from 10 petroleum engineers working in different public and private companies in Pakistan. The snowball technique followed by thematic analysis data analysis technique was applied for the generation of primary findings. The results of the research examined that safety prognostic technologies are significant in terms of enhancing safety, reliability and reducing the possible errors in maintenance. It has further examined that in complex engineering systems, there are multiple propagation paths to different consequences some of which might differ with respect to the most single faults.
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Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 8, Issue 08, PP. 217-225, August 2021
In the marble production, huge quantity of marble is lost in the pattern of strange blocks of varying dimensions and dirt containing water and fine particles. When dry, the effluent turns into powder. Both mud and powder have negative impact on the surrounding. This experimentation focuses on the beneficial use of waste marble dust (WMD) to convert it into a valued binding material. To accomplish the objective, WMP and clay were gathered and tested to achieve their physical and chemical properties. A blend of WMP and clay was put together and burned at 1300oC. The burnt mixture was powdered to obtain marble cement (MC). The chemical formulation shows that MC contains 52.5% calcium silicate (C2S), 3.5% tri-calcium silicate (C3S) and 23% free lime. The marble cement was then incorporated in mortar with various proportions of blast furnace slag 20%, 30% and 40%. The compressive and flexural strengths of mortar cubes and prisms were examined. Aside from this, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and thermo- gravimetric analysis (TGA) were also carried out. The compressive strength of MC mortar at 28 days is 156.12 psi is comparison to 885.27 psi of normal cement mortar, which is 82% less. Likewise, 91 and 182 days later, the compressive strength of MC mortar is 77% and 62% lesser than normal cement mortar. The addition of various proportions of blast furnace slag (20%, 30%, 40%) as marble cement replacement in MC mortar increased its compressive strength at all curing periods. The highest increment in compressive strength was observed in 40% blast furnace slag substituted mortar (B40) at 182 days curing. The similar strength development pattern was observed in case of flexural strength as well.
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Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 8, Issue 08, PP. 204-216, August 2021
The power extracted from the water i-e hydropower is one of the clean and economical source for the generation of power. The flow of water does not remain constant throughout the year so we have to build large storage tanks i-e dams to store water for power generation. But building these large dams have limited this source of energy. Consequently, the trend is going to change by building small hydropower plants. There is no availability of storage of water for producing power then mostly small hydro power plants are built there which are also called as run off river plants. The flow of water vary throughout the year resulting in inconsistent generation of power.so there is a need of variable speed operation that can operate at different operating point to achieve maximum efficiency. So for varying speed operation the one of the famous operating system that is doubly fed induction generator can be used to achieve desired results. In this work the DFIG in a MHPP’s is studied, there steady state and dynamic models are discussed. The 3 phase voltages and currents are transformed into 2 phase for ease in calculation by using Clark and park transformation. Then doubly fed induction generator has to operate at the required references which are reactive power, active power and also for speed. And eventually the model of vector control of doubly fed induction generator is achieved. The main objective of developing the model of doubly fed induction generator is to manage the two powers (i-e reactive and active power). The whole simulation should be carried out in MATLAB/Simulink. In this model of doubly fed induction generator we are using two different type of controllers, i-e Proportional integral and Proportional Integral Derivative controllers, to check the efficiency of the model. The results which are then obtained such as the torque, speed, rotor current, voltages on the rotor side as well as Bus voltage, reactive power on the grid side obtained from the two controllers are then compared with each other to see that which controller is giving good efficiency. Therefore, in this research, a predictive controller is proposed to manage the powers i-e active and reactive, of a hydropower plant using doubly fed induction generator.
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Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 8, Issue 08, PP. 197-203, August 2021
Nowadays, smartphones are a crucial aspect of life for everyone involved in day-to-day activities. Sometimes mobile phone users need to keep their mobile phones quiet. This silence option is handy in many scenarios or locations such as meetings, lectures, libraries, museums or places of worship, and mobile phones might occasionally be lost. In this article, we have demonstrated that how to make it easier for Android phone users to discover their smartphone that has been lost due to quiet mode and how to monitor mobile phones by sending a single text message on the mobile phone, whether the mobile phone starts ringing, and users can simply search. There is no need to connect to the internet during mobile search if a user knows that the mobile phone is close to the location by listening to the emergency security alert beeping, which is also set up in this application to make it easier for users to find the mobile phone rather than searching through GPS Tracking System. It also tells users about the mobile phones present position. If the mobile phone is far from the user, the user can only get location information if the mobile phone is linked to the internet or the mobile phone enables data packet. The Coral Draw graphics program is utilized to develop a beautiful interface for this project. Using SDK and JDK packages and libraries, Android Studio is utilized to code portion and performance features of this application.
Sheharyar Khan, Israr Ur Rehman, Abdul Wahab, Wasif Mehmood Khan, Kashif Hussain, Haider Ali, Andre Wilfried TY
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Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 8, Issue 08, PP. 191-196, August 2021
Alternative fuel use in cement industry has seen a rise in the recent years in lieu of the growing concerns about the growing share of the industry in global green house emissions which stand at 8% of overall carbon dioxide emissions worldwide. Prominent amongst the reasons for this high emission is the use of conventional coal in providing heat requisite for processing in the cement industry. The use of alternative fuel, however, has started a positive downward trend in the emissions of the industry. The use of alternative fuel, most prevalent among which is Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF), has a twofold advantage: economic fuel for cement production, and a venue for disposing off the solid waste in the landfills around big cities. This experiment of alternative fuels use in cement industry is largely without any impact assessment on the economy and ecology of the cement manufacturing. Obviously the technical assessment has been performed by the industries themselves in terms of energy contents, the larger impact of these fuels on economy and environment is still unknown or not published. This research undertook the technical analysis of these alternative fuels used in three cement industries in Pakistan comprised of characteristics like calorific value, Sulphur and chlorine contents, carbon emissions accruing from the use of the these fuels. In addition the economics associated with the use of these fuels were also investigated through comparison with economy of the conventional fuels.
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Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 8 Issue 07 PP. 180-184 July 2021
A residential surface water tank is normally exposed to ambient conditions. Evaporation of water from such a source, using a Peltier device is expected to results in variation of energy efficiency for a system due to variation of ambient temperature. In this research work local conditions of city of Peshawar in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan are considered. A MATLAB Simulation was performed to find out the seasonal energy efficiency variation for Peltier based evaporation. The results show that there is significant variation of energy of evaporation process due to seasonal variation ambient conditions.
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© The authors retain all copyrights
This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 8, Issue 08, PP. 185-190, August 2021
The current Climate change issues in Pakistan & Globally is not merely a coincidence rather this has developed and got worse with the passage of time through industrial revolution, more demand of energy and the race to further development among each country. To meet the energy demands, fossil fuels, one of the primary resources of energy are being explored with unprecedented rate worldwide. May it be Land or Sea, desserts or forests, if there is a potential suspected, the Oil exploration firms start their activities. On one side, if this helps to meet the growing energy demands, on the other, more and more effects of such activities are changing the environment. To avoid severe and immediate damages, environmental protection rules and laws are being passed Globally the purpose of which is to make sure such activities are carefully planned and all checks are in place prior to starting the operations to avoid any harmful impact on the eco- system. Various countries have customized these laws as per their environmental visions and established organizations which make sure these laws are implemented and followed. Pakistan, a developing nation, is one of the countries who are in the game of Oil exploration also has set forth such Acts & Laws but the assurance that the Companies are operating under the established Environmental law of the Country has never been completely done. International firms and National entities have their own set of checks in place which try to follow the Federal and Provisional rules. The goals and authority of Provisional environmental protection agencies are defined at policy level but the implementation and monitoring steps have various loop holes which need to be filled. The differences in the working methodology, related to environment, between Government owned firm vs International operators also shows the mindset of the local environmental agencies. The environmental policies need to be updated at Federal and Provisional levels with more implementation and monitoring structure in place.
Suhaib Ilyas
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© The authors retain all copyrights
This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 8, Issue 06, PP. 162-169, June 2021
Remote and far off communities are usually not connected to grid owing to their location and are not economically feasible. Rural areas possess great abundance of renewable energy resources, utilizing these resources for energy production are environmentally friendly compared to thermal energy systems for power generation. Thermal power plants are costly and releases poisonous gases which causes many environmental menaces. Where the grid-connected rural communities also faces the issues like load shedding and power outages due to which rural community peoples suffered a lot. These aspects are the core driving forces to motivate the scientists, academics, technologists and investors to discover and finance in the field of renewable energy systems. But renewable energy sources are weather dependent and site specific. The main obstacle towards the deployment and investment in these systems is the intermittent and dynamic characteristic of renewable energy sources. The most appropriate option is hybrid renewable energy system to overcome the intermittent nature of the renewable energy sources. In our design model the hybrid renewable energy systems are based on photovoltaic, micro-hydro and biomass to provide reliable and cheaper electricity to remote areas of the Pakistan in case of off-grid and grid-connected mode. The one and only tenacity and purpose of this study is to design reliable and optimized hybrid energy system by using HOMER software with lowest possible Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) and Net Present Cost (NPC). The hybrid energy system comprised of solar PV, micro-hydro and biomass for grid-connected and off-grid models. HOMER software analyze different configurations of hybrid renewable energy system and according to the NPC and LCOE most optimized hybrid energy system is selected among the possible configurations. In our hybrid energy system models micro-hydro and solar PV has been used as a primary sources for delivering the base load demand while for meeting the peak demand and for backup biomass gasifier is used. This optimization tactics overpowers the uncontrolled behavior of the renewable energy sources. By well-organized and effective planning we can lessen use of biomass gasifier fuel for power generation along with the system Net Present Cost, LCOE and environmental dangers are abridged.
Abdullah: Department of Electrical Energy System Engineering, US-Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Energy (USPCAS-E), UET Peshawar
Zoya Khan: Department of Electrical Energy System Engineering, US-Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Energy (USPCAS-E), UET Peshawar
Farhan Ullah: Department of Electrical Energy System Engineering, US-Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Energy (USPCAS-E), UET Peshawar
M. Abdul Mowahain Khan: Department of Electrical Energy System Engineering, US-Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Energy (USPCAS-E), UET Peshawar
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© The authors retain all copyrights
This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 8, Issue 06, PP. 175-179, June 2021
Traffic-related air pollution in urban areas is of growing concern as it worsens air quality which ultimately causes health problems. The exponential growth in urban traffic vehicles seriously deteriorate air quality as a result of higher fuel combustion products which disperse in the air. This review investigate and compile prominent researches conducted about traffic-related air pollution. The review found that traffic related air pollution is measured usually with Air Qaulity Index (AQI), which determines how much the concentration of a traffic air pollutant surpasses the satisfactory AQI category. The higher the value of AQI or the pollutant concentration, the worse the air quality. Each AQI category have its own implication to health and wealth of the people.
Mohsin Khan: Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan
© The authors retain all copyrights
This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 8, Issue 06, PP. 170-174, June 2021
The development of recent engineering systems has introduced increasing levels of complexity and uncertainty over time. Combined with the planning philosophy of engineering itself, this has given rise to several studies addressing the straightforward or multi-objective optimization problems present in these complex systems. Although conventional approaches are often applied to engineering optimization depends largely on the character of problem, but they suffered to supply some quick and reasonable feedback to designers and cannot be challenging to further possible problems. However, researchers prefer quasi-Newton methodsto solve the unconstrained non-linear optimization problems, using updating the approximation to the inverse Hessian. This technique is a computationally expensive operation and, therefore, in this paper we investigate the possibility of skipping update of Hessian approximation on every second step. The experimental results show that the new methods (i.e. with skipping) give better performance in general than existing two-step methods, particularly as the dimension of the test problem increases.
Nudrat Aamir: CECOS University of IT & Emerging Sciences, Peshawar Pakistan
John Ford: CECOS University of IT & Emerging Sciences, Peshawar Pakistan
[1] Nudrat Aamir, Multi-Step Skipping Methods for Unconstrained Non-Linear Optimization, Ph. D Thesis, University of Essex, United Kingdom, 2014.
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with Update Skipping and Varying Memory, J. Optim. 8, 1060-1083,1998.
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© The authors retain all copyrights
This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 8, Issue 05, PP. 149-161, May 2021
EDM wire cutting technology has an irreplaceable position in special processing with continuous development and improvement [1]. The current EDM machine tools on the market are almost large and medium-sized. It is easy to cause waste of resources when cutting small parts. In the case of special processing courses offered by many colleges, vocational and technical schools. The laboratory is equipped with industrial-grade electric discharge wire machines. it requires a lot of floor space. The cost of cutting machine tools is very and it is not convenient for unprofessional to understand its processing principles and actual processes, if we are not very careful and system failure may happen such as wire breakage or other problem and so on. In recent years, the equipment is moving in the direction of miniaturization. Desktop-level 3D printers, milling machines have already appeared, and the field of small wire-cut EDM machine tools is in a blank paper. In this context, this article proposes to design desktop-level WEDM on the basis of industrial-grade machine tools based on the use of Small-diameter rod-shaped electrodes cutting. The mechanical structure of desktop-level EDM machine tool is designed so that it can be used for cutting small workpieces and teaching demonstrations. Compared with industrial-grade machine tools, it also greatly reduces the energy consumption of cutting small samples. It is more convenient for EDM machine equipment and transportation and popularization in the laboratory. Important parts such as ball screws were checked, various supporting parts were self-designed and the machine tool motion control system was designed.
Muhammad Saleem: College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Yudao street, 210016 Nanjing, China
Qiu Mingbo: College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Yudao street, 210016 Nanjing, China
Muhammad Aurangzeb: School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, NCEPU, Beijing, China
© The authors retain all copyrights
This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 8, Issue 04, PP. 143-148, April 2021
Photovoltaic PV is eco-friendly source of energy. Due to increase in ecological pollution and decrease in usual means of power, the importance of non-conventional energy sources has grown up rapidly. The output of PV systems depend on atmospheric conditions like temperature and irradiance. Also efficiency of PV system is very much less which needs to be increased. Installation cost is another problem existed with photovoltaic modules. Different techniques are used to get high power. MPPT of PV system at any condition is necessary to transfer maximum available power. Therefore, to generate maximum power at output of PV, installation of MPPT is necessary. Using MPPT, high efficiency of PV is also ensured. Different algorithms are utilized to track down MPP of PV. Out of all algorithms used, two algorithms are discussed briefly over here i.e. Perturb & Observe (P&O) and Open Circuit Voltage algorithms for MPPT at different environmental conditions by changing irradiance and temperature. Variation in temperature and irradiance level results in different output of PV cell. By changing slight temperature and irradiance, voltage and current at the MPP changes. Results which are obtained as a result of changing external conditions are simulated in PSIM and LTSpice and are then compared with each other. Effect on MPP, maximum voltage and maximum current at MPP are observed by changing environmental and atmospheric conditions like irradiance level and temperature. After comparing both these algorithms. Two different software named PSIM and LTSpice IV are being used for implementation and modelling of PV cell and both algorithms.
Nasir Ishaq: University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan
Farhan Altaf: University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan
Zain Ul Abideen Afridi: University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan
Naeem Arbab: University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan
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[8] T. Esram and P.L. Chapman, “Comparison of Photovoltaic Array Maximum Power Point Tracking Techniques,” IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 22, no. 2, June 2007
© The authors retain all copyrights
This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 8, Issue 04, PP. 139-142, April 2021
Energy plays a key role in the socio-economic development of a country. Although the available potential of solar energy and other renewable sources is sufficient to encounter the energy needs of the world but unfortunately, fossil fuels are used to a large extent for the purpose and this adds a serious problem of unsustainability to the energy market. A solar thermal power plant hybridized with natural gas as fuel is developed and simulated using TRNSYS simulation software to study the parameters and output of the plant. The model was simulated for the 2nd January and for the whole year which gives 53.7 Mwh of energy throughout the day and 20717 MWh of energy per anum. Peshawar was considered as a reference location for the plant. A field of 250 heliostats having a total solar reflective area of 25000 m2 provides the required input energy.
Imran Khan: US-Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Energy UET PESHAWAR, Pakistan
Umair Iqbal: US-Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Energy UET PESHAWAR, Pakistan
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"Environmental impacts from the solar energy," ELSEVIER
Energy, vol. 33, pp. 289-296, 2005
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[3] “Sustainable Development Policy Institute ("SDPI”) (Pakistan Energy Vision 2035).”
[4] Report of " Pakistan Economic Survey 2018-2019"
[5] “Asian Development Bank (Pakistan Solar Rapid Assessment June 5, 2017).”
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"Concentrating Solar Power," A review of the technology, no.
18, February 2004
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[10] H. A. Raza, S. Sultan, S. ul Haq, A. Hussain, A. K. Janjua, and A. Bashir, "Modeling of 1 MW solar thermal tower power plant using TRNSYS," in 2018 1st International Conference on Power, Energy and Smart Grid (ICPESG), 2018,
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183, October 2010
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[14] STEC [online] Available : https://sel.me.wisc.edu/trnsys/trnlib/stec/stec.htm [Accessed 10 april 2021].
[15] “K. Kaygusuz, Prospect of concentrating solar power in Turkey: the sustainable future, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 15 (2011) 808–814.”
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[17] “Nusrat Kamal Raja, M. Shahid Khalil, Design and Manufacturing of Parabolic Trough Solar Collector System for a Developing Country Pakistan, Journal of American Science, 2011.”
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[20] Burghartz, A.K., von Reeken, F. and Balz, M., 2018, November. Economic evaluation of towers for central receiver systems. In AIP Conference Proceedings (Vol. 2033, No. 1, p. 090004). AIP Publishing LLC.
© The authors retain all copyrights
This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 8, Issue 04, PP. 132-137, April 2021
Colorectal cancer, caused by an unusual growth of tissues in a body called polyp, is the third most prevailing cancer worldwide and remained the second most cause of deaths by cancer in 2020. Early stage detection of the cancer can prevent the deaths. Computer Aided Diagnosis (CAD) system could be a major breakthrough for early detection of the cancer. The system uses image processing techniques. Among the image processing techniques segmentation has a great value. The diagnostic process results are highly dependent on the accuracy of performed segmentation. Nowadays, many supervised and unsupervised techniques are used for the task of segmentation. Deep neural networks have outperformed other state-of-the-art approaches for the task. In this paper, we present an end-to-end deep neural network for segmentation of polyps in images. The network is modified version of the U-Net architecture. The network being much more memory efficient than the U-Net architecture, inferences segmentation of the images more accurate than the U-Net. We reduce number of layers of the U-Net architecture both in the en- coding and decoding path, and introduce residual blocks and batch normalization in the encoding path to prevent learning of redundant features, to avoid over-fitting and to accelerate the training process, and in the decoding path to avoid gradient vanishing issue in long dependence of the neural network during training we use bi-directional long short term memory network with batch normalization. We train and validate the network on Kvasir dataset for the task. The network accurately segments the polyp part in the images with 92.46% test accuracy.
Asif Ahmad: Department of Basic Sciences, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan
Noor Badshah: Department of Basic Sciences, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan
Mahmood Ul Hassan: Department of Basic Sciences, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan
© The authors retain all copyrights
This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 8, Issue 04, PP. 138-146, April 2021
Home energy monitoring and/or management system are tools that could be used by homeowners to increase awareness, which may eventually lead to adoption of energy saving measures. In this technologically advanced era, electricity is essential to support our daily life. People rely upon electricity to help them go through their everyday schedules either at homes, offices and even at all other places. But with the advancement in technology, the demand-supply gap is also increasing. To overcome the issue, we need to increase generation. A lot of Renewable energy generation projects are under process to produce clean and sustainable energy but, to control the problem completely, we need efficient energy utilization to avoid the wastage of energy. Consumers need to adopt low energy consumption lifestyle through awareness and easy access. Customers usually receive no information on how much various energy appliances cost to operate. If consumer attempt to conserve energy, they receive inadequate information about the energy consumption. Because conventional metering system provide electricity bill at the end of every month and most of the consumers are also unable to understand the information provided by the existing metering system because the energy charge is for kWh and details about patterns of consumption are not available. As a result, the consumer does not realize their household’s consumption. In this paper, we propose an interactive system that will allow the user to define the electricity consumption for a particular month according to their own budget. This system will continuously update the user about their consumed electricity and the current bill calculated based on tariff defined by the utility. At the same time the system will also show the expected projected monthly bill based on the previous average electricity consumption pattern. To establish this two-way flow of data we have designed a mobile application that allows a user to define their targeted electricity consumption for a particular month according to the budget. This app will communicate with the controller to collect electrical parameters and timely inform the consumer about their consumption through feedback that will display both instantaneous and processed data.
Sundus Anwar: USPCAS-E UET Peshawar, Pakistan
Tanvir Ahmad: USPCAS-E UET Peshawar, Pakistan
Fazal-e-Wahab: Department of Electrical Engineering, Kohat UET Peshawar, Pakistan
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[2] “Brief History of Energy Management ..." Elahee, Mohammad Khalil (2019). Energy Management Research Journal. 2 (No. 1): 39–49.
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[10] One Size Does not fit all: Establishing the need for targeted eco-feedback Khosrowpour, Ardalan, Xie, Yimeng, Taylor, John, Hong, Yili. (2016)
[11] Kjeldskov, Jesper, Mikael B. Skov, Jeni Paay, and Rahuvaran Pathmanathan. "Using mobile phones to support sustainability: a field study of residential electricity consumption." (2012)
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[14] Ilatchiya, P., M. Sudhakaran, and R. Seyezhai. "Power Management and Control for Domestic Appliances using GSM and Android Application." International Journal of Emerging Technology in Computer Science & Electronics (IJETCSE) 21, no. 3 (2016): 44-49
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This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 8, Issue 04, PP. 126-131, April 2021
Micro hydro Power Projects (MHPPs) have been receiving increasing attention in the face of the growing energy demands and the high proportion of population living without grid access in Pakistan. The government has initiated a project to install 356 MHPPs in the province in 2014, which has now been extended to 1200 such projects. Unfortunately a number of these MHPPs have not been able to produce the desired results, some failing to start generation and some despite producing electricity not bringing the social, environmental and economic changes that are ideally the outcome of such projects. This paper proposes a new quantitative sustainability model specifically designed for the peculiar socio-economic and cultural dynamics of the northern areas of Pakistan. Rooted in sixty one sustainability assessment indicators across four dimensions and twenty one sub dimension and especially minted for the socioeconomic conditions of the region, the model is meant for assessment of the sustainability of an MHPP. The indicators are rated on a scale of 1 to 5 as per the International Hydropower Association (IHA)’s Hydropower Sustainability Assessment Protocol (HSAP), the overall dimension score is aggregated from the individual indicators and sub-dimensional weightages. The end output of the model is a dimension score ranging from 1 to 5. In the case study the model was applied to the MHP project installed in the Kalam Valley of the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and achieved scores indicative of basic good practices of sustainability along the social, economic, technical, and environmental lines. The quantification of sustainability assessment of the MHP projects would pave wave for informed and evidence based decision-making process for the future MHP projects installed in the region. The model, albeit designed for the KP region, can be tweaked for MHPPs of any socioeconomic region by adjusting the weightages of the indicators and subdimension as per the peculiarities of that region.
Salman Sarwar: MS Student at USPCAS E UET Peshawar
Abdul Basit Ahmad: Assistant Professor UET Peshawar
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This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 8, Issue 03, PP. 112-117, March 2021
Computer vision is an influential area in which methodologies are generated to analyze and know about the charactristics and construction of a digital image and output is some meaningful information. Image processing comprises five main branches i.e image segmentation, image denoising, image registration, image inpainting and image deblurring. Image segmentation is our focus research work in context of fuzzy sets theory. The pivotal element to fuzzy sets [11] is fuzzy membership V, which acts like region descriptor, must satisfy the restriction Level set method (LSM) [9] is used, which is responsible to distribute and allogate the evolution curve C, which is a better way to carry out image segmentation process. In our research work we developed a model for segmenting images with inhomogeneous intensity multi objects background having maximum, minimum, average intensities. For such achievement we changed Krinidis and Chartiz [13] fitting term by linear term in fuzzy setup. Experimental result of our model justify that our model will show better performance in those images which are suffering from intensity inhomogeneity multi objects.
Rahman Ullah: Department of Basic Sciences, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan
Noor Badshah: Department of Basic Sciences, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan
Mati Ullah: Department of Basic Sciences, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan
Muhammad Arif: Department of Basic Sciences, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan
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This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 8, Issue 03, PP. 103-111, March 2021
Energy is considered to be a vital part of the progress and prosperity of a nation. However, there are some parts of the world like South Africa, Nepal, Pakistan, India and other developing countries where some parts of people have do not access to electricity. Some of the people in the world even in Pakistan do not live a quality life and living theirs below the poverty line. There are people who do have access to electricity and quality education. They live their lives unhygienically and women are the victims of gender inequality. For this purpose, the United Nation gathers around and reached on common goals which are also called universal goals for the people and for the benefit of the planet, which are named as Sustainable Development Goals. These goals are agenda for 2030 that we together are going to achieve till 2030. One of the goals is Access to Energy of Sustainable Development Goals. SDG 7 stands for affordable and clean energy. Pakistan has remote areas, far away from the national grid, where there is no access to electricity. For this purpose, the government is electrifying those areas by using their indigenous resources. One of the best options is Micro and Mini Hydropower projects for the community. By providing the electricity we can improve their quality of life and they can play their part in a nation’s economy. As these micro and mini-hydro projects are cheaper and friendly to the environment so they are the source of “Affordable and Clean Energy”.
The study focused, on establishing pathways for SDG7 i.e. Affordable and Clean Energy and how this SDG7 affect other Significant SDGs in the area of Chitral. Thirteen sites of Chitral were visited and people were interviewed and investigate their lifestyle. So this study shows that this source of Affordable and Clean Energy is moving us towards achieving other Sustainable Goals. These goals can be achieved more effectively if the government organizations play their role to educate the people to make the most use of it.
Sayed Kamal: US:-Pakistan Centre for Advanced Studies in Energy, University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan
Azam Jan: US:-Pakistan Centre for Advanced Studies in Energy, University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan
Majid Ullah: US:-Pakistan Centre for Advanced Studies in Energy, University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan
Ahmar Ali: US:-Pakistan Centre for Advanced Studies in Energy, University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan
Sheraz Khan: US:-Pakistan Centre for Advanced Studies in Energy, University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan
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This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 8, Issue 03, PP. 118-125, March 2021
Energy consumption by the domestic sector in Pakistan is 46% which is one of the highest use by any country. The Government of Pakistan has planned to save 3 Million Tons of Oil Equivalent (33,000 MW) by 2025 through energy efficiency and conservation practices. Conserving this chunk of energy without effecting quality of life and measurements to improve buildings energy efficiency is a problem to be resolved. Several studies have been conducted to evaluate the performance of implementing various sustainability measures in existing buildings via various simulation tools. The purpose of this study is to analyze a fully functional building and find the possible cost effective measurements that can be taken to conserve available energy potential using eQUEST software. The building under study is United States Pakistan Center for Advance Studies in Energy (USPCAS-E), University of Engineering and Technology (UET), Peshawar. An energy efficient model of the building is calibrated in the study in comparison with the actual billing data. The simulation results are very close to actual energy consumption of the building. The overall results indicates that the building is state of the art building with almost all necessary measures already considered but some policy propositions are needed. HVAC and lightning are the significant energy users (SEUs) here and there is a substantial potential for improvement which is presented. Some changes are made in the building occupancy scheduling and some regulations are presented for the occupants behavior change towards energy use.
Abdullah Jamshaid: Department of Energy Management & Sustainability (EnMS), Center for Advanced studies in Energy (UET Peshawar) Peshawar, Pakistan
Muhammad Ishaq Khan: Department of Energy Management & Sustainability (EnMS), Center for Advanced studies in Energy (UET Peshawar) Peshawar, Pakistan
Syed Faisal Shah: Department of Energy Management & Sustainability (EnMS), Center for Advanced studies in Energy (UET Peshawar) Peshawar, Pakistan
Hammad ur Rahman: Department of Energy Management & Sustainability (EnMS), Center for Advanced studies in Energy (UET Peshawar) Peshawar, Pakistan
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This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 8, Issue 03, PP. 98-102, March 2021
The rapid increment in the amount of greenhouse gases entering the atmosphere is badly impacting life on planet for almost all living organism including human. Nations from all over the world is doing efforts to reduce the amount of greenhouse gases mainly from main made activities in which burning of fossil fuel is the biggest source of today greenhouse gases. The purpose of this research is to recommend a suitable methodology for the estimation of carbon footprint for an oil and gas industry. This research explains how an oil and gas industry can estimate their own carbon footprint in a very easy and simple way. Step by step method is discussed to calculate carbon footprint from all direct emission sources and indirect emission sources like, stationary combustion sources, mobile combustion sources, vented sources and fugitive emission sources in detail. Once the carbon footprint become known to us, a comprehensive plan for its mitigation can be developed and applied which will ultimately lower the overall emission of the industry.
Abdul Aleem: Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan
Hamid Masood: Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan
Sana Ullah Khan: Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan
© The authors retain all copyrights
This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 8, Issue 03, PP. 93-97, March 2021
With time the electrical power demand and so the DG penetration has increased highly. As the present conventional power systems structure is not well-suited with these energy generation schemes. Therefore to house this high diffusion of distributed generation proper planning is required. This study offers an analytical approach to compute the optimum site and size of installing DG unit for minimizing power losses. The power injections from DG units deviate the system’s power flows, thus effecting voltage steadiness and the system losses. In the proposed mathematical model, the maximum size of integrating DG at each bus is calculated using the load and injecting power at each bus. The given mathematical model is simulated in MATLAB. The maximum size and site of DG integration is found with a decreasing power losses of the system.
Waseem Ullah Faiz: Department of Electrical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan
Raheel Khan: Department of Electrical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan
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Peng Yen Liew, Wai Lip Theo, Sharifah Rafidah Wan Alwi, Jeng Shiun Lim, Zainuddin Abdul Manan, Jiří Jaromír Klemeš, Petar Sabev Varbanov, Total Site Heat Integration planning and design for industrial, urban and renewable systems, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Volume 68, Part 2, 2017, Pages 964-985.
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This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 8, Issue 03, PP. 85-92, March 2021
Variable capability of the PV module depends on the ability of the photovoltaic cell to be standard. Finding this parameter is not as easy. The finding of capacitance of photovoltaic cell needs high accuracy instrument. Two ways are going to be mentioned during this analysis, one is Electrical phenomenon spectrographic analysis (IS) and alternative one is RLC circuit methodology. The most straight forward methodology for locating capacitance a PV module. The electrical event spectroscopy is the most common way to check the dynamic nature of PV modules. Supported by these methods, the AC parameters, capacitors and dynamic and series registrations of photovoltaic cells will be set. Check out the following signal (Voltage or Current) device. The test device electrical effect will be calculated by taking significant AC voltage and current. The test device electrical effect spectrum will be detected by AC signal frequency variable. Duty equivalent circuit is supported, its components will be determined by capacitance in case of serial fitting method and parallel resistance and photovoltaic cell. Electronic devices are constructed as a load of photovoltaic cells. The ability of photovoltaic cells to detect the frequency of oscillation of gas by menstrual cycle, which happens promptly to connect the electrical device to a photovoltaic cell. By assembling completely different Indicators in photovoltaic cells. The frequency effect on photovoltaic cell capacities has been studied considering the low intensity of capacitance with frequency. This analysis introduces an easy and effective methodology to work out the electrical Capacitance of the photovoltaic cell.
Raheel Khan: Department of Electrical Engineering,UET Peshawar, Pakistan
Waseem Ullah Faiz: Department of Electrical Engineering,UET Peshawar, Pakistan
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This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 8, Issue 03, PP. 79-84, March 2021
World energy demand is increasing day by day due to increase in population and economic growth. This increase in demand expands range of energy sources to renewable energy production, however, world still depends mostly on fossils fuels for its energy need. Reservoir of fossil fuels are being depleted and these energy sources needs to be utilized efficiently. To extract fossil fuels from reservoirs and convert them into useful form of energy for end users, oil & gas industry is working across the world. In this article, Pakistan oil and gas processing field was considered for implementation of energy management system. It was found that two gas gensets are in continuous operation to keep running its process, but the energy demand of the field can be achieved by operating single genset. This can significantly reduce the operations and maintenance expenditure on site. It was observed that by implementing energy management system in the field, organization can save 80M PKR cost per year and reduce carbon emission to environment. Saving energy will achieve the goal of economic development, energy security and environmental protection.Furthermore, this study provides information about energy audit procedures and basic framework for Oil and Gas sector industries to look into cost saving and energy management practices. It is also recommended that organization shall develop strategies for implementation of energy management in all areas, energy benchmarks shall be developed, energy conservation awareness shall be created among the staff.
Bilal Ahmad: Department of Energy Management and Sustainability CAS-E UET Peshawar
Syed Zuhaib Ali Khan: Mechanical Engineering Department UET Peshawar
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This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 8, Issue 02, PP. 73-78, February 2021
Rapid transition towards renewable, wind is having potential of 14TW. Flow simulations attracted worldwide scholars to optimize wind power production and wind farms. In present work NREL 3MW wind turbine under k-ε RANS model is simulated at two velocities i.e. 10m/s and 15m/s to calculate the flow and pressure distribution over wind turbine. With these variables velocity magnitude, dynamic pressure, wake effect and turbulent dissipation rate results are generated, compared and analyzed. Accurate results are shown in near wake regions. At 10m/s fluctuations in velocity magnitude are recorded less, which leads to less pressure drop and less intensified wake downstream, The distance covered by 2nd wake is recorded more while at 15m/s there are more fluctuations in velocity magnitude this results more pressure drop and provide favorable conditions for turbulent wakes. The distance of 1st and 2nd wake is recorded almost equal while the 1st wake intensity is more. The computational time by k-ε model require less time and provide good results.
Hammad ur Rahman: Department of Energy Management & Sustainability (EnMS) (UET Peshawar)
Syed Faisal Shah: Department of Energy Management & Sustainability (EnMS) (UET Peshawar)
Abdullah Jamshaid: Department of Energy Management & Sustainability (EnMS) (UET Peshawar)
Muhammad Usama: Department of Thermal System Engineering, Center for Advanced studies in Energy (UET Peshawar)
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© The authors retain all copyrights
This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 8, Issue 01, PP. 68-72, February 2021
Energy access in global challenge faced by more than 1 billion people. Pakistan, to address the challenge, has developed access strategy of decentralized energy system. In northern hilly areas of country, Hydel resource has been tapped through mini-micro hydro projects. However, the sites are remotes located in hilly terrain, making transportation of machinery a challenging task increasing initial cost. Similarly, loss of head caused by slope in water channels and laborious construction of concrete channel in rigid and sharp rocks further aggravates the situation. This study undertakes case studies of mini-micro Hydel power projects and looks for technically feasible solutions. New design techniques have been revealed relying on piping and pumping of water and construction composition. Concrete channel is replaced by piping structure and water is pumped from intake to fore bay at different angles of inclination and pipe diameters and accordingly the pump power is observed. Due to variation in slope, the net head also varies which has a direct impact on the output power from the plant. The power of pump is subtracted of the power generated by the plant which results in net power. Two actual design examples are considered from a rural area of Pakistan and using statistical analysis techniques the influence on the total output power is analyzed under different scenarios.
Muhammad Asif: Department of Energy Management and Sustainaibility,US-Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Energy
Tahir Junaid: Department of Energy Management and Sustainability, US-Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies Energy
Zafar Ullah: Department of Energy Management and Sustainability,US-Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Energy
Najeeb Ullah: Department of Energy Management and Sustainability,US-Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Energy
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© The authors retain all copyrights
This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 8, Issue 01, PP. 63-67, January 2021
The reduction of noise emitted from the exhaust of an internal combustion engine is a real challenge for all automotive industries. Mufflers are designed to reflect sound waves produced by the engine in such a way as to cancel the effect of each other by destructive interference between the incoming waves from the engine cylinder and reflected waves from the muffler of 2 stroke motorbike engine. Numerical simulation is carried out to study the sound pressure level (SPL) and flow variables like velocity and pressure of conventional and proposed modified reactive muffler. In the numerical investigation of Conventional muffler and modified muffler, the path of exhaust gases in which it flows is analyzed through large eddy simulation and then Fflowcs Williams and Hawking model are utilized to predict the Sound pressure level of the conventional muffler and modified mufflers by using the time flow history of large eddy Simulation at the receiver location and the result of proposed modified muffler is compared with the conventional muffler. By comparing the Sound pressure level (SPL) results of conventional and modified mufflers show that the sound pressure level of the modified muffler - 01 are 5dB less than the conventional muffler and the sound pressure level of the modified muffler - 02 are 15dB less than the conventional muffler which produces sound pressure level of 80dB. The output velocity of exhaust gases is also drop down from 259.1 m/s of the conventional muffler to 182 m/s in modified design-2. So the stack pressure inside the expansion chamber of modified muffler-02 is less than the conventional muffler which creates high backpressure so our objective is achieved.
Zahoor Ullah: Department of Mechanical Engineering UET, Peshawar, Pakistan
Hassan Ahmed: Department of Mechanical Engineering NED, Karachi, Pakistan
Kareem Akhtar: Department of Mechanical Engineering UET, Peshawar, Pakistan
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This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 8, Issue 01, PP. 54-62, January 2021
Energy efficiency assessment is an important tool to save energy and improve the financial gain of an Organization. Almost all the Small and Medium enterprises conducting energy audit in order to save energy and minimize energy consumption per unit product. The energy conservation is a cost effective with short payback period and modest investment. There is a bright scope of energy conservation in Pakistan in various sectors like Sugar. Textile, Cement, Fertilizer, Agriculture, Chemical process, Manufacturing, Pharmaceutical Industries. Pakistan is among the world’s top-10 sugarcane producers, the potential of producing electricity from bagasse is huge. Currently there are around 83 Sugar Mills in Pakistan producing about 3.5 Million metric tons of Sugar per year with total crushing capacity 597900 TCD.which cane produce approximately 3000 MW electricity during crushing season. In Pakistan most of the industries are still using the out dated technologies; inefficient equipment’s and are following inefficient operating practices. But some of the progressive industries have already using the up to dated and efficient technology and are reaping the benefits of reduced energy consumption. This paper shows the Comparison of specific energy consumption of inefficient machineries and energy efficient machineries in Chashma Sugar mill unit-1 District Dera Ismail Khan. Before implementation of efficient machineries bagasse consumption per ton sugar production was 2.35 Tons, Sugar losses in bagasse was 1.98 (pol % bagasse), steam economy was 48.2 % and bagasse saving was 70368 per season. After implementation of up to dated and energy efficient technologies the stated valves will be 1.75 Tons, 1.7 %, 35 % & 138613 Tons per season respectively. The overall energy saving is 25 % with a payback period of less than 03 years.
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This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 8, Issue 01, PP. 47-53, January 2021
Pakistan is located just above the tropic of Cancer; this offers most optimal locations on the globe for Photovoltaic power generation. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has an average solar insolation value more than 5.0KWh/m²/day, which is very appropriate for Photovoltaic deployment. But Photovoltaic power generation trend shows considerably less progress in this region. The aim of this research is to assess the solar potential for photovoltaic power generation in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province by identifying feasible sites both technically and economically for a utility-scale solar power park installation. The feasible sites were identified using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) software. This process uses Multi-Criteria Analysis method to meet different criteria such as solar irradiation, slope and aspect combined with proximity to transmission lines and roads plus a number of limiting factors. The final results showed that 8% (8,000 km²) of the research area is highly suitable for installing utility-scale photovoltaic parks. A total of 18 sites with suitability value of 9 and area greater than 6 km² have been identified in South and South western part of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. In addition, 70 areas of suitability value between 7 and 8 having areas 2-4 km² have been identified. Calculations were carried out to find the technical potential for power generation. The results showed that appropriate amount of feasible areas are available for large scale PV installations, with adequate power generation potential.
Asif Zarin: Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan
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© The authors retain all copyrights
This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 8, Issue 01, PP. 41-46, January 2021
Micro Hydro-power Plants (MHPs) play a key role in electrification and economic development of remote rural areas where the government grid system power supply is limited. A field study was conducted to evaluate the performance of crossflow turbines in District Shangla, Pakistan during 2019. The relevant data was collected to find the actual and potential power produced, transmission losses, number of households served and installed capacity of MHPs for detailed analyses. A relatively higher power was generated by MHPs with flow discharges ranged from 0.600 to 0.800 m3/s and head of about 10.00 m. The power produced at generation points varied from 8.496 to 48.574 KW with overall average of 25.782±11.971 KW. About two-third of the MHPs performance in term of average overall efficiency (67.56±11.63%) was found higher as compared to the overall efficiency (37.80±8.79%) of the remaining one-third of MHPs where the installation was not according to the site requirements. The number of Households per MHP ranged from 15 to 250 with overall average of 88±55 and energy demand of 1420±474 watts per household. The total transmission line loss in MHPs studied varied from 0.08 to 1.84 per km with overall average of 0.71±0.58 KW per km. With proper design and installation of MHPs more energy can be generated to minimize the gap between demand and supply in the rural areas.
Ahmad Jamal: Department of Electrical Engineering University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan
Amjad Ullah Khattak: Department of Electrical Engineering University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan
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This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 8, Issue 01, PP. 37-40, January 2021
In order to study different carbon fiber contents and it’s influences on mechanical properties of concrete, ANSYS materials composites were synthesized to carry out numerical simulation. Here are the results of numerical analysis: The addition of carbon fiber composite can greatly improve the compressive strength of concrete. Among them, the mechanical properties of concrete with 1% carbon fiber content and 2% carbon fiber content are basically the same, but there is no clear improvement in flexural performance. Therefore, the enhancement of mechanical properties of concrete by fiber is closely related to its content. The study of the change between them can effectively reduce the loss of fiber, but also conducive to the promotion of fiber reinforced concrete.
Zhao Xiaolong: College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, 650000, Kunming China. Yunnan Province Key Laboratory of Efficient Urban and Rural Water Safety and Water Saving and Emission Reduction, 650000, Kunming China.
Ismail Shah: Yunnan Province Key Laboratory of Efficient Urban and Rural Water Safety and Water Saving and Emission Reduction, 650000, Kunming China. School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Yunnan Agricultural University, 650000, Kunming China.
Zhai Pingyu: College of Foreign Languages, University of Jinan, 250022, Jinan China.
Fan Xiaoya: College of Water Resources, Yunnan Agricultural University, 6500000, Kunming China. College of Foreign Languages, University of Jinan, 250022, Jinan China.
Wang Jing: Yunnan Province Key Laboratory of Efficient Urban and Rural Water Safety and Water Saving and Emission Reduction, 650000, Kunming China. College of Water Resources, Yunnan Agricultural University, 6500000, Kunming China.
© The authors retain all copyrights
This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 8, Issue 01, PP. 31-36, January 2021
Transformer is one of the most crucial and expensive part of the power system. Any failure in its components may cause major loss to the economy of a country. The healthy operation of the transformer actually ensures the reliable and secure operation of the power system. Keeping in mind the importance of the transformer, this study mainly focuses on the online health monitoring of the transformer in order to detect the fault in its initial stages. This study provides cost effective, real time online monitoring system for the health of the transformer. Real-time data of the transformer is recorded through phasor measurement unit (PMU). Signal to noise ratio (SNR) of voltage and current of the transformer has been calculated. The width of signal to noise ratio is employed as an indicator for the occurrence of fault in the transformer. When transformer operates in its normal conditions the width of SNR band is small, when fault occurs in the transformer the width of SNR band starts to increase. As fault in the transformer continues to increase the width of SNR also increases. Thus this technique can help the transformer operators to take significant steps in order to mitigate the fault before major accidents.
Shazmina Jamil: U.S Pakistan Centre for Advanced Studies in Energy, University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar
Aehtsham-Ul-Haq: U.S Pakistan Centre for Advanced Studies in Energy, University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar
[1] Masoum, A.S., Hashemnia, N., Abu-Siada, A., Masoum, M.A. and Islam, S.M., 2017. Online transformer internal fault detection based on instantaneous voltage and current measurements considering impact of harmonics. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 32(2), pp.587-598.
[2] Thangavelan, M., Prabavathi, K. and Ramesh, L., 2013. Review on Power Transformer Internal Fault Diagnosis. Journal of Electrical Engineering, 14, pp.372-377.
[3] Henault, P., 2011, May. Detection of internal arcing faults in distribution transformers. In Transmission and Distribution Construction, Operation and Live-Line Maintenance (ESMO), 2011 IEEE PES 12th International Conference on (pp. 1-7). IEEE.
[4] Prasetiyono Hari Mukti , Feby Agung Pamuji, Buyung Sofiarto Munir., 2014. Implementation of Artificial Neural Networks for Determining Power Transfomer Condition.In ADCONP ,pp.473-477
[5] Z. Moravej *, S. Bagheri., 2015. Condition Monitoring Techniques of Power Transformers: A Review. Journal of Operation and Automation in Power Engineering, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp 71-82
[6] Drasko Furundzic, Zeljko Djurovic, Vladimir Celebic, and Iva Salom., 2012. Neural Network Ensemble for Power Transformers Fault Detection.IEEE NEURAL 11th symposium on neural network application in electrical engineering,NEURAL-2012, pp 247-251
© The authors retain all copyrights
This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 8, Issue 01, PP. 18-30, January 2021
With the rapid increase in need of electricity, electric power system is becoming complex day by day. Different types of generating units and loads are connected with one another to form a huge generating, transmitting and distributing network. Pakistan is being confronted with acute shortage of electric power and measures need to be taken on short terms to tackle these problems. In Distributed generation, DG can be utilized efficiently in such cases due to the reason that DG can be on site generation with less time of installation and generating electricity. However, integrating a DG unit with a distribution system causes some disparities if some issues like proper sizing, capacity and location are not taken into consideration. Theses disparities can be related to voltage profile, stability, power losses, harmonics etc. which can cause damage to different electrical devices and units. Particularly, this research work covers the adverse effects on voltage profile when a DG unit is being integrated with the distribution system without taking its size, capacity and location into consideration together with the methods for alleviating these effects. A 132 kv residential feeder has been taken as a test case. Which is further modeled in Electrical Transient Analyzer Program ETAP. Various tests are taken into consideration to analyze the effects of DG on distribution system. Different cases are being analyzed taking system with and without DG unit installed at different busbars. It has been observed that significant improvement in voltage profile occurred when DG is inserted in system with proper consideration of size location and capacity.This research work can help expanding power system in future and tackling different issues related to voltage profile in distribution sector worldwide and particularly in Pakistan.
Muhammad Salman:Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
Amjadullah Khattak: Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
Mushtaq Ahmad Khan Khattak: Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
Waqar Hussain: Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
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© The authors retain all copyrights
This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 8, Issue 01, PP. 14-17, January 2021
Micro-grids with high renewable penetration have low inertia and it leads to frequency stability problems. Virtual inertia emulation provides active power to system during transient time to improve dynamics frequency stability. In this study, derivative technique is used to calculate the derivative of frequency for virtual inertia emulation. Simulations results confirm that frequency dip occurs in case of contingency and virtual inertia control reduces this frequency deviation. It helps to improve overall frequency stability and prevents unnecessary load shedding.
Aehtsham Ul Haq: Department of Electrical Energy System Engineering, US-Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Energy (US-PCASE), UET Peshawar
Iatizaz Ahsan: Department of Electrical Energy System Engineering, US-Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Energy (US-PCASE), UET Peshawar
Shazmina Jamil: Department of Electrical Energy System Engineering, US-Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Energy (US-PCASE), UET Peshawar
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© The authors retain all copyrights
This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 8, Issue 01, PP. 08-13, January 2021
As renewable energy is intermittent in nature, its integration in to the power grid is challenging task. Hence remote monitoring and data acquisition of various performance parameters from the renewable energy systems has become of paramount importance. Round the clock monitoring of the system ensures the stable and reliable operation of the system, by proper management, in this way an individual at a remote location can know whether the system is producing sufficient energy or not which is essential for its stable operation. This feature can be ensured by the use of real-time performance monitoring. If it is observed the sources is not working properly then an immediate remedy can be done to it before it sets in a chain of events and make things worse. The proposed monitoring system formulates unified data acquisition standard for distributed RES and real-time monitoring of RES such as solar PV. The system is an IoT server based using an Arduino to send the real-time power production to the cloud for remote access by the operator or the owner.
Asfandyar Khalid: Department of Electrical Energy System Engineering, US-Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Energy (USPCAS-E), UET Peshawar, Pakistan
Amir Khan: Department of Electrical Energy System Engineering, US-Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Energy (USPCAS-E), UET Peshawar, Pakistan
Jawad Ul Islam: Department of Electrical Energy System Engineering, US-Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Energy (USPCAS-E), UET Peshawar, Pakistan
Junaid Ur Rehman: Department of Electrical Energy System Engineering, US-Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Energy (USPCAS-E), UET Peshawar, Pakistan
Haseen Ullah: Department of Electrical Energy System Engineering, US-Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Energy (USPCAS-E), UET Peshawar, Pakistan
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© The authors retain all copyrights
This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 8, Issue 01, PP. 01-07, January 2021
In this paper comparative analysis of maximum power point tracking techniques has been conducted to achieve highest magnitude of power from photovoltaic array. The algorithms proposed in this paper for extracting peak output from photovoltaic array are Perturb and Observe, Incremental Conductance, and Fuzzy Logic Control. There are some limitations with conventional converters i.e. Buck-Boost converter. When the operating voltage exceeds normal voltage as the voltage becomes high, the conventional converters fail to carry high voltage and current. Apart from this the ripple contents also increase abnormally due to the large impedance in the conventional converter. Similarly these converters cannot track maximum power point faster and effectively. In that case Single Ended Primary Inductor Converter (SEPIC) is the best choice instead of the conventional buck-boost converter, which is employed with the aim of extracting maximum output from the photovoltaic array. The aim of this study is to compare three MPPT techniques under varying environmental conditions with respect to maximum power extraction and speed of tracking time. SEPIC is used instead of conventional buck-boost converter in order to achieve maximum efficiency and less ripples. Also it can track maximum power point (MPP) faster than Buck-Boost Converter. Comparative analysis of three most extensively used MPPT techniques have been conducted in Simulink/Matlab.
Amir Khan: Department of Electrical Energy System Engineering, US-Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Energy (USPCAS-E), UET Peshawar, Pakistan
Muhammad Durri Aqil: School of Electrical and Control Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xian, China
Naveed Malik: Department of Electrical Energy System Engineering, US-Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Energy (USPCAS-E), UET Peshawar, Pakistan
Farhan Ullah: Department of Electrical Energy System Engineering, US-Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Energy (USPCAS-E), UET Peshawar, Pakistan
Asfandyar Khalid: Department of Electrical Energy System Engineering, US-Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Energy (USPCAS-E), UET Peshawar, Pakistan
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© The authors retain all copyrights
This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.