Volume 2021 Volume 2020 Volume 2019 Volume 2018 Volume 2017 Volume 2016 Volume 2015 Volume 2014
Vol. 8, Issue 04, PP. 139-142, April 2021
Energy plays a key role in the socio-economic development of a country. Although the available potential of solar energy and other renewable sources is sufficient to encounter the energy needs of the world but unfortunately, fossil fuels are used to a large extent for the purpose and this adds a serious problem of unsustainability to the energy market. A solar thermal power plant hybridized with natural gas as fuel is developed and simulated using TRNSYS simulation software to study the parameters and output of the plant. The model was simulated for the 2nd January and for the whole year which gives 53.7 Mwh of energy throughout the day and 20717 MWh of energy per anum. Peshawar was considered as a reference location for the plant. A field of 250 heliostats having a total solar reflective area of 25000 m2 provides the required input energy.
Imran Khan: US-Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Energy UET PESHAWAR, Pakistan
Umair Iqbal: US-Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Energy UET PESHAWAR, Pakistan
[1] T Tsoutsosa, N Frantzeskakib, and V Gekasb,
"Environmental impacts from the solar energy," ELSEVIER
Energy, vol. 33, pp. 289-296, 2005
[2] s. G.T Machinda, “Concentrating Solar Thermal Power Technologies: A review,” in 2011 Annual IEEE India Conference, Hyderabad, India, 2011
[3] “Sustainable Development Policy Institute ("SDPI”) (Pakistan Energy Vision 2035).”
[4] Report of " Pakistan Economic Survey 2018-2019"
[5] “Asian Development Bank (Pakistan Solar Rapid Assessment June 5, 2017).”
[6] “Solar Thermal Power 2020 | Greenpeace International.”
[7] Kalagirou, S. A. (2009). Solar Energy Engineering Processes and Systems (2nd ed.).Massachusetts: Elsevier
[8] H Muller-Steinhagen, Freng Tried, and Franz Trieb,
"Concentrating Solar Power," A review of the technology, no.
18, February 2004
[9] Price, H., Lu¨ pfert, E., Kearney, D., Zarza, E., Cohen, G., Gee, R. and Mahoney, R., 2002. Advances in parabolic trough solar power technology. J. Sol. Energy Eng., 124(2), pp.109-125.
[10] H. A. Raza, S. Sultan, S. ul Haq, A. Hussain, A. K. Janjua, and A. Bashir, "Modeling of 1 MW solar thermal tower power plant using TRNSYS," in 2018 1st International Conference on Power, Energy and Smart Grid (ICPESG), 2018,
[11] R Sioshansi and P Denholm, "The Value of Concentrating
Solar Power and Thermal Energy Storage," IEEE
Transactions on Sustanable Energy, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 173-
183, October 2010
[12] Garcia, P., Ferriere, A., Flamant, G., Costerg, P., Soler, R. and Gagnepain, B., 2008. Solar field efficiency and electricity generation estimations for a hybrid solar gas turbine project in France. Journal of Solar Energy Engineering, 130(1).
[13] WISCONSIN. [Online]. Available: http://sel.me.wisc.edu/trnsys/index.html. [Accessed 6 april 2021].
[14] STEC [online] Available : https://sel.me.wisc.edu/trnsys/trnlib/stec/stec.htm [Accessed 10 april 2021].
[15] “K. Kaygusuz, Prospect of concentrating solar power in Turkey: the sustainable future, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 15 (2011) 808–814.”
[16] “Bin Yang; Jun Zhao; Wenbin Yao; Qiang Zhu; Hang Qu, Feasibility and Potential of Parabolic Trough Solar Thermal Power Plants in Tibet of China, APPEEC 2010, Asia Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference 2010.”
[17] “Nusrat Kamal Raja, M. Shahid Khalil, Design and Manufacturing of Parabolic Trough Solar Collector System for a Developing Country Pakistan, Journal of American Science, 2011.”
[18] National Renewable Energy Lab; http://wwwnrel.gov/analysis/tech_cap_factor.html, National Renewable Energy Lab USA, September (2010).
[19] S.Bonnet, M. Alaphilippe, P. Stouffs. “Thermodynamic solar energy conversion: Reflections on the optimal solar concentration ratio”. International Journal of Energy, Environment and Economics,vol12, pp141-152., 2006.
[20] Burghartz, A.K., von Reeken, F. and Balz, M., 2018, November. Economic evaluation of towers for central receiver systems. In AIP Conference Proceedings (Vol. 2033, No. 1, p. 090004). AIP Publishing LLC.
© The authors retain all copyrights
This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 8, Issue 04, PP. 132-137, April 2021
Colorectal cancer, caused by an unusual growth of tissues in a body called polyp, is the third most prevailing cancer worldwide and remained the second most cause of deaths by cancer in 2020. Early stage detection of the cancer can prevent the deaths. Computer Aided Diagnosis (CAD) system could be a major breakthrough for early detection of the cancer. The system uses image processing techniques. Among the image processing techniques segmentation has a great value. The diagnostic process results are highly dependent on the accuracy of performed segmentation. Nowadays, many supervised and unsupervised techniques are used for the task of segmentation. Deep neural networks have outperformed other state-of-the-art approaches for the task. In this paper, we present an end-to-end deep neural network for segmentation of polyps in images. The network is modified version of the U-Net architecture. The network being much more memory efficient than the U-Net architecture, inferences segmentation of the images more accurate than the U-Net. We reduce number of layers of the U-Net architecture both in the en- coding and decoding path, and introduce residual blocks and batch normalization in the encoding path to prevent learning of redundant features, to avoid over-fitting and to accelerate the training process, and in the decoding path to avoid gradient vanishing issue in long dependence of the neural network during training we use bi-directional long short term memory network with batch normalization. We train and validate the network on Kvasir dataset for the task. The network accurately segments the polyp part in the images with 92.46% test accuracy.
Asif Ahmad: Department of Basic Sciences, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan
Noor Badshah: Department of Basic Sciences, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan
Mahmood Ul Hassan: Department of Basic Sciences, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan
© The authors retain all copyrights
This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 8, Issue 04, PP. 138-146, April 2021
Home energy monitoring and/or management system are tools that could be used by homeowners to increase awareness, which may eventually lead to adoption of energy saving measures. In this technologically advanced era, electricity is essential to support our daily life. People rely upon electricity to help them go through their everyday schedules either at homes, offices and even at all other places. But with the advancement in technology, the demand-supply gap is also increasing. To overcome the issue, we need to increase generation. A lot of Renewable energy generation projects are under process to produce clean and sustainable energy but, to control the problem completely, we need efficient energy utilization to avoid the wastage of energy. Consumers need to adopt low energy consumption lifestyle through awareness and easy access. Customers usually receive no information on how much various energy appliances cost to operate. If consumer attempt to conserve energy, they receive inadequate information about the energy consumption. Because conventional metering system provide electricity bill at the end of every month and most of the consumers are also unable to understand the information provided by the existing metering system because the energy charge is for kWh and details about patterns of consumption are not available. As a result, the consumer does not realize their household’s consumption. In this paper, we propose an interactive system that will allow the user to define the electricity consumption for a particular month according to their own budget. This system will continuously update the user about their consumed electricity and the current bill calculated based on tariff defined by the utility. At the same time the system will also show the expected projected monthly bill based on the previous average electricity consumption pattern. To establish this two-way flow of data we have designed a mobile application that allows a user to define their targeted electricity consumption for a particular month according to the budget. This app will communicate with the controller to collect electrical parameters and timely inform the consumer about their consumption through feedback that will display both instantaneous and processed data.
Sundus Anwar: USPCAS-E UET Peshawar, Pakistan
Tanvir Ahmad: USPCAS-E UET Peshawar, Pakistan
Fazal-e-Wahab: Department of Electrical Engineering, Kohat UET Peshawar, Pakistan
[1] Introduction to energy management in smart grids VDI-Guideline VDI 4602, page 3, Beuth Verlag, Berlin (2007)
[2] “Brief History of Energy Management ..." Elahee, Mohammad Khalil (2019). Energy Management Research Journal. 2 (No. 1): 39–49.
[3] Overcoming electricity crisis in Pakistan: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews (2017) 72:734-745 Gordhan Valasai, Mohammad Aslam Uqaili Hafeez Ur Rahman Memon; Saleem Raza Samoo
[4] A Survey on Demand Response Programs in Smart Grids: Pricing Methods and Optimization Algorithms John S. Vardakas; Nizar Zorba; Christos V. Verikoukis (2014)
[5] Attitude of Consumer towards Prepaid Meters (2009) Susheem Pandey
[6] Behavioral Change and Building Performance: Strategies for Significant, Persistent, and Measurable Institutional Change AK Wolfe EL Malone J Heerwagen J Dion April (2014)
[7] EEA Technical report No 5/2013 ‘’Achieving energy efficiency through behavior change’’
[8] “A review of intervention studies aimed at household energy conservation” by Wokje Abrahamse, Linda Steg, Charles Vlek, Talib Rothengatter.
[9] “Understanding usage patterns of electric kettle and energy saving potential” (2015) D.M.Murray J.Liao L.Stankovic V.Stankovic
[10] One Size Does not fit all: Establishing the need for targeted eco-feedback Khosrowpour, Ardalan, Xie, Yimeng, Taylor, John, Hong, Yili. (2016)
[11] Kjeldskov, Jesper, Mikael B. Skov, Jeni Paay, and Rahuvaran Pathmanathan. "Using mobile phones to support sustainability: a field study of residential electricity consumption." (2012)
[12] Ueno, Tsuyoshi, Fuminori Sano, Osamu Saeki, and Kiichiro Tsuji. "Effectiveness of an energy-consumption information system on energy savings in residential houses based on monitored data." Applied Energy 83, no. 2 (2006): 166-183.
[13] Allera, S. V., and R. A. Sturges. "End-use monitoring with the ‘POEM ‘system." (1996): 208-212. (UK), and the National Grid Company plc. - Datum Solutions (UK)
[14] Ilatchiya, P., M. Sudhakaran, and R. Seyezhai. "Power Management and Control for Domestic Appliances using GSM and Android Application." International Journal of Emerging Technology in Computer Science & Electronics (IJETCSE) 21, no. 3 (2016): 44-49
© The authors retain all copyrights
This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 8, Issue 04, PP. 126-131, April 2021
Micro hydro Power Projects (MHPPs) have been receiving increasing attention in the face of the growing energy demands and the high proportion of population living without grid access in Pakistan. The government has initiated a project to install 356 MHPPs in the province in 2014, which has now been extended to 1200 such projects. Unfortunately a number of these MHPPs have not been able to produce the desired results, some failing to start generation and some despite producing electricity not bringing the social, environmental and economic changes that are ideally the outcome of such projects. This paper proposes a new quantitative sustainability model specifically designed for the peculiar socio-economic and cultural dynamics of the northern areas of Pakistan. Rooted in sixty one sustainability assessment indicators across four dimensions and twenty one sub dimension and especially minted for the socioeconomic conditions of the region, the model is meant for assessment of the sustainability of an MHPP. The indicators are rated on a scale of 1 to 5 as per the International Hydropower Association (IHA)’s Hydropower Sustainability Assessment Protocol (HSAP), the overall dimension score is aggregated from the individual indicators and sub-dimensional weightages. The end output of the model is a dimension score ranging from 1 to 5. In the case study the model was applied to the MHP project installed in the Kalam Valley of the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and achieved scores indicative of basic good practices of sustainability along the social, economic, technical, and environmental lines. The quantification of sustainability assessment of the MHP projects would pave wave for informed and evidence based decision-making process for the future MHP projects installed in the region. The model, albeit designed for the KP region, can be tweaked for MHPPs of any socioeconomic region by adjusting the weightages of the indicators and subdimension as per the peculiarities of that region.
Salman Sarwar: MS Student at USPCAS E UET Peshawar
Abdul Basit Ahmad: Assistant Professor UET Peshawar
[1] World Energy Outlook 2018. OECD, 2018.
[2] Practical Action, “Poor People’s Energy Outlook 2017,” 2107. [Online]. Available: https://policy.practicalaction.org/policy-themes/energy/poor-peoples-energy-outlook/poor-people-s-energy-outlook-2017.
[3] H. Katuwal and A. K. Bohara, “Biogas: A promising renewable technology and its impact on rural households in Nepal,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 13, no. 9, pp. 2668–2674, Dec. 2009.
[4] C.-C. Lee and C.-P. Chang, “Energy consumption and economic growth in Asian economies: A more comprehensive analysis using panel data,” Resour. Energy Econ., vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 50–65, Jan. 2008.
[5] C. Miller, N. Moore, C. Altamirano-allende, N. Irshad, S. Biswas, and C. Altamirano-allende, “Poverty Eradication Through Energy Innovation :,” 2018.
[6] W. Boelt, “UN General Assembly’s Open Working Group proposes sustainable development goals,” UN Dep. Public Inf., p. 2, 2014.
[7] M. Maoz et al., “Parametric Optimization of Earth to Air Heat Exchanger Using Response Surface Method,” Sustainability, vol. 11, no. 11, p. 3186, Jun. 2019.
[8] K. Kaygusuz, “Energy for sustainable development: A case of developing countries,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 1116–1126, Feb. 2012.
[9] IEA, “Comparative study on rural electification policies in emergin economies - Keys to successful policies,” 2010.
[10] A. Zomers, “The challenge of rural electrification,” Energy Sustain. Dev., vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 69–76, Mar. 2003.
[11] T. Urmee, D. Harries, and H.-G. Holtorf, Photovoltaics for Rural Electrification in Developing Countries. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016.
[12] M. M. Ra, S. Rehman, and S. Asia, “National energy scenario of Pakistan – Current status , future alternatives , and institutional infrastructure : An overview,” vol. 69, no. November 2016, pp. 156–167, 2017.
[13] W. Uddin et al., “Energy Scenario and Potential of Hydroelectric Power in Pakistan,” in 4th International Conference on Power Generation Systems and Renewable Energy Technologies, PGSRET 2018, 2019.
[14] K. Pakhtunkhwa and H. Policy, “Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa,” no. 2, pp. 11–14, 2016.
[15] N. Water and S. Profile, “Chairman Federal Flood Commission PAKISTAN WATER SECTOR STRATEGY October 2002,” October, vol. 5, no. October, 2002.
[16] A. Report, “2012 - 2013,” 2013.
[17] T. M. Parris and R. W. Kates, “Characterizing and measuring Sustainable development,” Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour., vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 559–586, Nov. 2003.
[18] U. Nations, “Our Common Future,” 1987.
[19] “Three pillars of sustainability : in search of conceptual origins,” Sustain. Sci., vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 681–695, 2019.
[20] M. Pigaht and R. J. van der Plas, “Innovative private micro-hydro power development in Rwanda,” Energy Policy, vol. 37, no. 11, pp. 4753–4760, Nov. 2009.
[21] B. Mainali, S. Pachauri, N. D. Rao, and S. Silveira, “Assessing rural energy sustainability in developing countries,” Energy Sustain. Dev., vol. 19, pp. 15–28, Apr. 2014.
[22] L. Tricarico, “1.2 Community Energy Enterprises: An Interpretative Research Frame-work for Distributed Energy Policy Making,” ISR-Forschungsberichte, vol. 47, pp. 23–32, 2018.
[23] D. F. Barnes, “Effective solutions for rural electrification in developing countries: Lessons from successful programs,” Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain., vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 260–264, Sep. 2011.
[24] C. A. Miller, C. Altamirano-Allende, N. Johnson, and M. Agyemang, “The social value of mid-scale energy in Africa: Redefining value and redesigning energy to reduce poverty,” Energy Res. Soc. Sci., vol. 5, pp. 67–69, Jan. 2015.
© The authors retain all copyrights
This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 8, Issue 03, PP. 112-117, March 2021
Computer vision is an influential area in which methodologies are generated to analyze and know about the charactristics and construction of a digital image and output is some meaningful information. Image processing comprises five main branches i.e image segmentation, image denoising, image registration, image inpainting and image deblurring. Image segmentation is our focus research work in context of fuzzy sets theory. The pivotal element to fuzzy sets [11] is fuzzy membership V, which acts like region descriptor, must satisfy the restriction Level set method (LSM) [9] is used, which is responsible to distribute and allogate the evolution curve C, which is a better way to carry out image segmentation process. In our research work we developed a model for segmenting images with inhomogeneous intensity multi objects background having maximum, minimum, average intensities. For such achievement we changed Krinidis and Chartiz [13] fitting term by linear term in fuzzy setup. Experimental result of our model justify that our model will show better performance in those images which are suffering from intensity inhomogeneity multi objects.
Rahman Ullah: Department of Basic Sciences, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan
Noor Badshah: Department of Basic Sciences, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan
Mati Ullah: Department of Basic Sciences, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan
Muhammad Arif: Department of Basic Sciences, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan
© The authors retain all copyrights
This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 8, Issue 03, PP. 103-111, March 2021
Energy is considered to be a vital part of the progress and prosperity of a nation. However, there are some parts of the world like South Africa, Nepal, Pakistan, India and other developing countries where some parts of people have do not access to electricity. Some of the people in the world even in Pakistan do not live a quality life and living theirs below the poverty line. There are people who do have access to electricity and quality education. They live their lives unhygienically and women are the victims of gender inequality. For this purpose, the United Nation gathers around and reached on common goals which are also called universal goals for the people and for the benefit of the planet, which are named as Sustainable Development Goals. These goals are agenda for 2030 that we together are going to achieve till 2030. One of the goals is Access to Energy of Sustainable Development Goals. SDG 7 stands for affordable and clean energy. Pakistan has remote areas, far away from the national grid, where there is no access to electricity. For this purpose, the government is electrifying those areas by using their indigenous resources. One of the best options is Micro and Mini Hydropower projects for the community. By providing the electricity we can improve their quality of life and they can play their part in a nation’s economy. As these micro and mini-hydro projects are cheaper and friendly to the environment so they are the source of “Affordable and Clean Energy”.
The study focused, on establishing pathways for SDG7 i.e. Affordable and Clean Energy and how this SDG7 affect other Significant SDGs in the area of Chitral. Thirteen sites of Chitral were visited and people were interviewed and investigate their lifestyle. So this study shows that this source of Affordable and Clean Energy is moving us towards achieving other Sustainable Goals. These goals can be achieved more effectively if the government organizations play their role to educate the people to make the most use of it.
Sayed Kamal: US:-Pakistan Centre for Advanced Studies in Energy, University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan
Azam Jan: US:-Pakistan Centre for Advanced Studies in Energy, University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan
Majid Ullah: US:-Pakistan Centre for Advanced Studies in Energy, University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan
Ahmar Ali: US:-Pakistan Centre for Advanced Studies in Energy, University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan
Sheraz Khan: US:-Pakistan Centre for Advanced Studies in Energy, University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan
[1] (December 18, 2018). U.S. energy information administration. International energy statistics. Available: www.eia.gov/cfapps/ipdbproject/IEDIndex3.cfm?tid=44&pid=44&aid=2.
[2] P. Carneiro and P. Ferreira, "The economic, environmental and strategic value of biomass," Renewable Energy, vol. 44, pp. 17-22, 2012.
[3] M. Hasanuzzaman, N. Rahim, M. Hosenuzzaman, R. Saidur, I. Mahbubul, and M. Rashid, "Energy savings in the combustion based process heating in industrial sector," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 16, pp. 4527-4536, 2012.
[4] R. Raza, S. Hayat, M. Ashraf Chaudhry, and J. Muhammad, "Development and study of PEMFC in Pakistan," in The 3rd international conference of materials for advanced technologies (ICMAT 2005), 2005.
[5] S. Z. Farooqui, "Prospects of renewables penetration in the energy mix of Pakistan," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 29, pp. 693-700, 2014.
[6] M. Arshad Khan and U. Ahmed, "Energy demand in Pakistan: a disaggregate analysis," 2009.
[7] A. Raheem, S. A. Abbasi, A. Memon, S. R. Samo, Y. Taufiq-Yap, M. K. Danquah, et al., "Renewable energy deployment to combat energy crisis in Pakistan," Energy, Sustainability and Society, vol. 6, pp. 1-13, 2016.
[8] F. M. Hossain, M. Hasanuzzaman, N. Rahim, and H. Ping, "Impact of renewable energy on rural electrification in Malaysia: a review," Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, vol. 17, pp. 859-871, 2015.
[9] K. Harijan, M. A. Uqaili, and M. Memon, "Renewable energy for managing energy crisis in Pakistan," in International Multi Topic Conference, 2008, pp. 449-455.
[10] S. N. Malik and O. R. Sukhera, "Management of natural gas resources and search for alternative renewable energy resources: A case study of Pakistan," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 16, pp. 1282-1290, 2012.
[11] H. B. Khalil and S. J. H. Zaidi, "Energy crisis and potential of solar energy in Pakistan," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 31, pp. 194-201, 2014.
[12] M.-B. O. Yusuf, N. S. Shirazi, and G. MatGhani, "The impact of Pakistan poverty alleviation fund on poverty in Pakistan: An empirical analysis," Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, vol. 13, pp. 1335-1344, 2013
© The authors retain all copyrights
This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 8, Issue 03, PP. 118-125, March 2021
Energy consumption by the domestic sector in Pakistan is 46% which is one of the highest use by any country. The Government of Pakistan has planned to save 3 Million Tons of Oil Equivalent (33,000 MW) by 2025 through energy efficiency and conservation practices. Conserving this chunk of energy without effecting quality of life and measurements to improve buildings energy efficiency is a problem to be resolved. Several studies have been conducted to evaluate the performance of implementing various sustainability measures in existing buildings via various simulation tools. The purpose of this study is to analyze a fully functional building and find the possible cost effective measurements that can be taken to conserve available energy potential using eQUEST software. The building under study is United States Pakistan Center for Advance Studies in Energy (USPCAS-E), University of Engineering and Technology (UET), Peshawar. An energy efficient model of the building is calibrated in the study in comparison with the actual billing data. The simulation results are very close to actual energy consumption of the building. The overall results indicates that the building is state of the art building with almost all necessary measures already considered but some policy propositions are needed. HVAC and lightning are the significant energy users (SEUs) here and there is a substantial potential for improvement which is presented. Some changes are made in the building occupancy scheduling and some regulations are presented for the occupants behavior change towards energy use.
Abdullah Jamshaid: Department of Energy Management & Sustainability (EnMS), Center for Advanced studies in Energy (UET Peshawar) Peshawar, Pakistan
Muhammad Ishaq Khan: Department of Energy Management & Sustainability (EnMS), Center for Advanced studies in Energy (UET Peshawar) Peshawar, Pakistan
Syed Faisal Shah: Department of Energy Management & Sustainability (EnMS), Center for Advanced studies in Energy (UET Peshawar) Peshawar, Pakistan
Hammad ur Rahman: Department of Energy Management & Sustainability (EnMS), Center for Advanced studies in Energy (UET Peshawar) Peshawar, Pakistan
[1] Fatai, L. Oxley, and F. G. Scrimgeour, “Modelling the causal relationship between energy consumption and GDP in New Zealand, Australia, India, Indonesia, the Philippines and Thailand,” Mathematics and Computers in Simulation, vol. 64, no. 3-4, pp. 431–445, 2004.
[2] M. M. Rafique and S. Rehman, “National energy scenario of Pakistan–current status, future alternatives, and institutional infrastructure: An overview,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 69, pp. 156–167, 2017.
[3] Express TribuneEnergy efficiency: Pakistan can conserve up to 1,100MW, says expert, Published: March 20, 2014 https://tribune.com.pk/story/685315/energy-efficiency-pakistan-can-conserve-up-to-1100mw-says-expert
[4] Sohail, M. and Qureshi, M.U.D., 2011. Energy-efficient buildings in pakistan. Science Vision, 16, pp.27-38.
[5] M. Sohail and M. Qureshi, “Energy-efficient buildings in Pakistan,” Science Vision, vol. 16, pp. 27–38, 2011.
[6] P. E. Y. Book, “Hydrocarbon development institute of Pakistan,” Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Resources, Islamabad, Pakistan, 2008.
[7] H. Khatib, “IEA world energy outlook 2011—a comment,” Energy policy, vol. 48, pp. 737–743, 2012.
[8] L. G. G. Moncada, F. Asdrubali, and A. Rotili, “Influence of new factors on global energy prospects in the medium term: comparison among the 2010, 2011 and 2012 editions of the IEA’s world energy outlook reports,” Economics and Policy of Energy and the Environment, 2013.
[9] T. Ramesh, R. Prakash, and K. Shukla, “Life cycle energy analysis of buildings: An overview,” Energy and buildings, vol. 42, no. 10, pp. 1592–1600, 2010.
[10] National Energy Efficiency & Conservation Authority (NEECA) http://www.enercon.gov.pk/home.html
[11] The Quick Energy Simulation tool (eQUEST), https://openei.org/wiki/The_Quick_Energy_Simulation_Tool_(eQUEST)#cite_note-equest-1
[12] H. S. Rallapalli, “A comparison of EnergyPlus and eQUEST whole building energy simulation results for a medium sized office building,” Ph.D. dissertation, Arizona State University.
© The authors retain all copyrights
This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 8, Issue 03, PP. 98-102, March 2021
The rapid increment in the amount of greenhouse gases entering the atmosphere is badly impacting life on planet for almost all living organism including human. Nations from all over the world is doing efforts to reduce the amount of greenhouse gases mainly from main made activities in which burning of fossil fuel is the biggest source of today greenhouse gases. The purpose of this research is to recommend a suitable methodology for the estimation of carbon footprint for an oil and gas industry. This research explains how an oil and gas industry can estimate their own carbon footprint in a very easy and simple way. Step by step method is discussed to calculate carbon footprint from all direct emission sources and indirect emission sources like, stationary combustion sources, mobile combustion sources, vented sources and fugitive emission sources in detail. Once the carbon footprint become known to us, a comprehensive plan for its mitigation can be developed and applied which will ultimately lower the overall emission of the industry.
Abdul Aleem: Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan
Hamid Masood: Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan
Sana Ullah Khan: Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan
© The authors retain all copyrights
This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 8, Issue 03, PP. 93-97, March 2021
With time the electrical power demand and so the DG penetration has increased highly. As the present conventional power systems structure is not well-suited with these energy generation schemes. Therefore to house this high diffusion of distributed generation proper planning is required. This study offers an analytical approach to compute the optimum site and size of installing DG unit for minimizing power losses. The power injections from DG units deviate the system’s power flows, thus effecting voltage steadiness and the system losses. In the proposed mathematical model, the maximum size of integrating DG at each bus is calculated using the load and injecting power at each bus. The given mathematical model is simulated in MATLAB. The maximum size and site of DG integration is found with a decreasing power losses of the system.
Waseem Ullah Faiz: Department of Electrical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan
Raheel Khan: Department of Electrical Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan
Ackermann, T.; Andersson, G.; Söder, L. Distributed generation: A definition. Electr. Power Syst. Res.2001, 57, 195–204.
Doğanşahin K, Kekezoğlu B, Yumurtacı R, Erdinç O, Catalão JPS. Maximum Permissible Integration Capacity of Renewable DG Units Based on System Loads. Energies. 2018; 11(1):255.
An Overview of Electricity Sector In Pakistan.; ISLAMABAD CHAMBER OF COMMERCE & INDUSTRY REPORT. (Ref)
Ali Ehsan, Qiang Yang, Optimal integration and planning of renewable distributed generation in the power distribution networks: A review of analytical techniques, Applied Energy, Vol 210, 2018, Pages 44-59.
Willis, H. (Ed.). (2000). Distributed Power Generation: planning and evaluation. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
Prem Prakash, Dheeraj K. Khatod, Optimal sizing and siting techniques for distributed generation in distribution systems: A review, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Volume 57, 2016, Pages 111-130.
S. Lee et al., "Coordinated Control Algorithm for Distributed Battery Energy Storage Systems for Mitigating Voltage and Frequency Deviations," in IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 1713-1722, May 2016.
Cherrelle Eid, Paul Codani, Yannick Perez, Javier Reneses, Rudi Hakvoort, Managing electric flexibility from Distributed Energy Resources: A review of incentives for market design, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Volume 64, 2016, Pages 237-247.
Priyanka Paliwal, N.P. Patidar, R.K. Nema, Planning of grid integrated distributed generators: A review of technology, objectives and techniques, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Volume 40, 2014, Pages 557-570.
Zeyu Wang, Ahlmahz Negash, Daniel Kirschen, Assessing the financial impacts of distributed energy on load serving entities, Energy Policy, Volume 86, 2015, Pages 380-392.
Christopher Knittel, Konstantinos Metaxoglou, Andre Trindade; Are we fracked? The impact of falling gas prices and the implications for coal-to-gas switching and carbon emissions, Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Volume 32, Issue 2, 1 January 2016, Pages 241–259.
Peng Yen Liew, Wai Lip Theo, Sharifah Rafidah Wan Alwi, Jeng Shiun Lim, Zainuddin Abdul Manan, Jiří Jaromír Klemeš, Petar Sabev Varbanov, Total Site Heat Integration planning and design for industrial, urban and renewable systems, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Volume 68, Part 2, 2017, Pages 964-985.
Yijia Cao, Xifan Wang, Yong Li, Yi Tan, Jianbo Xing, Ruixiang Fan, A comprehensive study on low-carbon impact of distributed generations on regional power grids: A case of Jiangxi provincial power grid in China, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Volume 53, 2016, Pages 766-778.
Mansoureh Safakar, Masoud Omidvar & Maziar Yazdani, «Multi-objective optimization to have optimal utilization from renewable energy sources in building with zero energy», Bulletin de la Société Royale des Sciences de Liège [En ligne], Volume 85 - Année 2016, Actes de colloques, Special edition, 140 -152
Christiansen, Matthew and Jaworski, Ann, The Dark Side of DG: Addressing the Environmental Impacts of Dirty Distributed Generation (March 16, 2016). NYU Environmental Law Journal, Vol. 25, 2016.
Elgerd, O.I.. (1982). Electric Energy Systems Theory - An Introduction.
D. Q. Hung, N. Mithulananthan and R. C. Bansal, "Analytical Expressions for DG Allocation in Primary Distribution Networks," in IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 814-820, Sept. 2010.
© The authors retain all copyrights
This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 8, Issue 03, PP. 85-92, March 2021
Variable capability of the PV module depends on the ability of the photovoltaic cell to be standard. Finding this parameter is not as easy. The finding of capacitance of photovoltaic cell needs high accuracy instrument. Two ways are going to be mentioned during this analysis, one is Electrical phenomenon spectrographic analysis (IS) and alternative one is RLC circuit methodology. The most straight forward methodology for locating capacitance a PV module. The electrical event spectroscopy is the most common way to check the dynamic nature of PV modules. Supported by these methods, the AC parameters, capacitors and dynamic and series registrations of photovoltaic cells will be set. Check out the following signal (Voltage or Current) device. The test device electrical effect will be calculated by taking significant AC voltage and current. The test device electrical effect spectrum will be detected by AC signal frequency variable. Duty equivalent circuit is supported, its components will be determined by capacitance in case of serial fitting method and parallel resistance and photovoltaic cell. Electronic devices are constructed as a load of photovoltaic cells. The ability of photovoltaic cells to detect the frequency of oscillation of gas by menstrual cycle, which happens promptly to connect the electrical device to a photovoltaic cell. By assembling completely different Indicators in photovoltaic cells. The frequency effect on photovoltaic cell capacities has been studied considering the low intensity of capacitance with frequency. This analysis introduces an easy and effective methodology to work out the electrical Capacitance of the photovoltaic cell.
Raheel Khan: Department of Electrical Engineering,UET Peshawar, Pakistan
Waseem Ullah Faiz: Department of Electrical Engineering,UET Peshawar, Pakistan
Chan, D.S.H.; Phillips, J.R.; Phang, J.C.H. A comparative study of extraction methods for solar cell model parameters. Solid-State Electron. 1986, 29, 329–337. [CrossRef]
Kumar, R.A.; Suresh, M.S.; Nagaraju, J. Silicon (BSFR) solar cell AC parameters at different temperatures. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2005, 85, 397–406. [CrossRef]
Kim, K.A.; Seo, G.S.; Cho, B.H.; Krein, P.T. Photovoltaic Hot-Spot Detection for Solar Panel Substrings Using AC Parameter Characterization. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 2016, 31, 1121–1130. [CrossRef]
Rauschenbach. S. Solar Cell Design Handbook. Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand, 1980.
Hailing Wang, Ten-Lon Chen, and Gennady Gildenblat, Quasi-static and Nonquasi- static Compact MOSFET Models http://pspmodel.asu.edu/downloads/ted03.pdf
Mary Anne Tupta, “Evaluating Performance of Photovoltaic Cells” Keithley Instruments, October 2010.
Mary Anne Tupta, “Evaluating Performance of Photovoltaic Cells” Keithley Instruments, October 2010
William Liu (2001). MOSFET Models for Spice Simulation. New York: Wiley- Interscience. pp. 42– 44. ISBN 0-471-39697-4.
https://www.gamry.com/application-notes/EIS/basics-of-electrochemical- impedance- spectroscopy/
1R. A. Kumar, M.Sc. ~Eng.! thesis, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India, 2000.
R Mac Donald, W.B Jhonson, Impedance spectroscopy, wiley Newyork,1987
© The authors retain all copyrights
This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 8, Issue 03, PP. 79-84, March 2021
World energy demand is increasing day by day due to increase in population and economic growth. This increase in demand expands range of energy sources to renewable energy production, however, world still depends mostly on fossils fuels for its energy need. Reservoir of fossil fuels are being depleted and these energy sources needs to be utilized efficiently. To extract fossil fuels from reservoirs and convert them into useful form of energy for end users, oil & gas industry is working across the world. In this article, Pakistan oil and gas processing field was considered for implementation of energy management system. It was found that two gas gensets are in continuous operation to keep running its process, but the energy demand of the field can be achieved by operating single genset. This can significantly reduce the operations and maintenance expenditure on site. It was observed that by implementing energy management system in the field, organization can save 80M PKR cost per year and reduce carbon emission to environment. Saving energy will achieve the goal of economic development, energy security and environmental protection.Furthermore, this study provides information about energy audit procedures and basic framework for Oil and Gas sector industries to look into cost saving and energy management practices. It is also recommended that organization shall develop strategies for implementation of energy management in all areas, energy benchmarks shall be developed, energy conservation awareness shall be created among the staff.
Bilal Ahmad: Department of Energy Management and Sustainability CAS-E UET Peshawar
Syed Zuhaib Ali Khan: Mechanical Engineering Department UET Peshawar
[1] IEA (2006). Energy Technology Perspectives. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)/International Energy Agency (IEA), Paris.
[2] IEA (2011). World Energy Outlook. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)/International Energy Agency (IEA), Paris.
[3] IPIECA (2013). Energy efficiency: Improving energy use from production to consumer. London.
[4] IPIECA (2013b), Guidelines for implementing ISO 50001 Energy Management Systems in the oil and gas industry. London.
© The authors retain all copyrights
This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 8, Issue 02, PP. 73-78, February 2021
Rapid transition towards renewable, wind is having potential of 14TW. Flow simulations attracted worldwide scholars to optimize wind power production and wind farms. In present work NREL 3MW wind turbine under k-ε RANS model is simulated at two velocities i.e. 10m/s and 15m/s to calculate the flow and pressure distribution over wind turbine. With these variables velocity magnitude, dynamic pressure, wake effect and turbulent dissipation rate results are generated, compared and analyzed. Accurate results are shown in near wake regions. At 10m/s fluctuations in velocity magnitude are recorded less, which leads to less pressure drop and less intensified wake downstream, The distance covered by 2nd wake is recorded more while at 15m/s there are more fluctuations in velocity magnitude this results more pressure drop and provide favorable conditions for turbulent wakes. The distance of 1st and 2nd wake is recorded almost equal while the 1st wake intensity is more. The computational time by k-ε model require less time and provide good results.
Hammad ur Rahman: Department of Energy Management & Sustainability (EnMS) (UET Peshawar)
Syed Faisal Shah: Department of Energy Management & Sustainability (EnMS) (UET Peshawar)
Abdullah Jamshaid: Department of Energy Management & Sustainability (EnMS) (UET Peshawar)
Muhammad Usama: Department of Thermal System Engineering, Center for Advanced studies in Energy (UET Peshawar)
[1] “Global wind report – annual market update,” GWEC., Tech. Rep., 2016, 2017. [Online]. Available: http://files.gwec.net/files/GWR2016.pdf
[2] E. G. Antonini, D. A. Romero, and C. H. Amon, “Improving cfd wind farm simulations incorporating wind direction uncertainty,” Renewable Energy, vol. 133, pp. 1011–1023, 2019.
[3] I. E. A., “World energy outlook,” International Energy Agency,, Tech. Rep., 2012.
[4] A. Crespo, J. Hernandez, and S. Frandsen, “Survey of modelling methods for wind turbine wakes and wind farms,” Wind Energy: An International Journal for Progress and Applications in Wind Power Conversion Technology, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 1–24, 1999.
[5] S. McTavish, S. Rodrigue, D. Feszty, and F. Nitzsche, “An investigation of in-field blockage effects in closely spaced lateral wind farm config-urations,” Wind Energy, vol. 18, no. 11, pp. 1989–2011, 2015.
[6] M. Ghasemian, Z. N. Ashrafi, and A. Sedaghat, “A review on computa-tional fluid dynamic simulation techniques for darrieus vertical axis wind turbines,” Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 149, pp. 87–100, 2017.
[7] D. W. R. Zhang, “Aerodynamic analysis of the wind turbine by two different numerical methods,” ICCM2019, pp. 381–390, Jul. 2019.
[8] e. a. Choi, Nak, “”cfd study on aerodynamic power output changes with inter-turbine spacing variationfor a 6 mw offshore wind farm.”,” Energies, pp. 7483–7498., Nov. 2014.
[9] H. Dong, S. Cao, T. Takemi, and Y. Ge, “Wrf simulation of surface wind in high latitudes,” Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, vol. 179, pp. 287–296, 2018.
[10] K. R. P. C. J.M. Prospathopoulos, E.S. Politis, “Evaluationof the effects of turbulence model enhancements on wind turbine wake predictions we.419,” Wind Energy 14 (2, pp. 285–300, Feb. 2011.
[11] R. J. Barthelmie, S. C. Pryor, S. T. Frandsen, K. S. Hansen, J. Schepers,
Rados, W. Schlez, A. Neubert, L. Jensen, and S. Neckelmann, “Quantifying the impact of wind turbine wakes on power output at offshore wind farms,” Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, vol. 27, no. 8, pp. 1302–1317, 2010.
[12] L. Vermeer, J. N. Sørensen, and A. Crespo, “Wind turbine wake aerodynamics,” Progress in aerospace sciences, vol. 39, no. 6-7, pp. 467–510, 2003.
[13] K. Grogg, “Harvesting the wind: the physics of wind turbines,” Physics and Astronomy Comps Papers, vol. 7, 2005.
[14] “Renewables 2019 global status repoet,” REN21, Tech. Rep., 2019.
[15] R. J. Barthelmie, S. T. Frandsen, M. Nielsen, S. Pryor, P.-E. Rethore, and H. E. Jørgensen, “Modelling and measurements of power losses and turbulence intensity in wind turbine wakes at middelgrunden offshore wind farm,” Wind Energy: An International Journal for Progress and Applications in Wind Power Conversion Technology, vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 517–528, 2007.
[16] A. Inc, “Ansys fluent theory guide,” 2013.
[17] T. Ahmad, “Wind farm coordinated control and optimisation,” Ph.D. dissertation, Durham University, 2017.
[18] M. H. Baloch, G. S. Kaloi, and Z. A. Memon, “Current scenario of the wind energy in pakistan challenges and future perspectives: A case study,” Energy Reports, vol. 2, pp. 201–210, 2016.
[19] R. Barthelmie, S. Frandsen, K. Hansen, J. Schepers, K. Rados, Schlez, A. Neubert, L. Jensen, and S. Neckelmann, “Modelling the impact of wakes on power output at nysted and horns rev,” in European wind energy conference, 2009.
[20] B. Sanderse, S. Van der Pijl, and B. Koren, “Review of computational fluid dynamics for wind turbine wake aerodynamics,” Wind energy, vol. 14, no. 7, pp. 799–819, 2011.
[21] M. I. C. Cabezon´ D, Sanz J, “A. cfd modeling of the interaction between the surface boundary layer and rotor wake. comparison of results obtained with different turbulence models and mesh strategies,” European Wind Energy Conference and Exhibition,Marseille, 2009.
[22] S.N.P.E.C..Z Radoos KG, Prospathopouloss,JMM,”A cfd modeling is issues of wind turbine waless under stable atmospheric conditions,” European Wind Energy Conference and Exhibition Marsile 2008.
© The authors retain all copyrights
This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 8, Issue 01, PP. 68-72, February 2021
Energy access in global challenge faced by more than 1 billion people. Pakistan, to address the challenge, has developed access strategy of decentralized energy system. In northern hilly areas of country, Hydel resource has been tapped through mini-micro hydro projects. However, the sites are remotes located in hilly terrain, making transportation of machinery a challenging task increasing initial cost. Similarly, loss of head caused by slope in water channels and laborious construction of concrete channel in rigid and sharp rocks further aggravates the situation. This study undertakes case studies of mini-micro Hydel power projects and looks for technically feasible solutions. New design techniques have been revealed relying on piping and pumping of water and construction composition. Concrete channel is replaced by piping structure and water is pumped from intake to fore bay at different angles of inclination and pipe diameters and accordingly the pump power is observed. Due to variation in slope, the net head also varies which has a direct impact on the output power from the plant. The power of pump is subtracted of the power generated by the plant which results in net power. Two actual design examples are considered from a rural area of Pakistan and using statistical analysis techniques the influence on the total output power is analyzed under different scenarios.
Muhammad Asif: Department of Energy Management and Sustainaibility,US-Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Energy
Tahir Junaid: Department of Energy Management and Sustainability, US-Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies Energy
Zafar Ullah: Department of Energy Management and Sustainability,US-Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Energy
Najeeb Ullah: Department of Energy Management and Sustainability,US-Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Energy
[1] S. V. Jain and R. N. Patel, "Investigations on pump running in turbine mode: A review of the state-of-the-art," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 30, pp. 841-868, 2014
[2] G. Case and W. D. Marscher, "Centrifugal pump, mechanical design, analysis and testing," in Proceedings of the 18th International Pump users Symposium, Texas,USA, 2001, pp. 1-16.
[3] M. De Marchis, C. M. Fontanazza, G. Freni, A. Messineo, B. Milici, E. Napoli, et al.,"Energy Recovery in Water Distribution Networks. Implementation of Pumps as Turbine in a Dynamic Numerical Model," Procedia Engineering, vol. 70, pp. 439-448, 2014.
[4] A. Gurbuz, "The role of Hydropower in sustainable development," European Water Publication, vol. 13, pp. 63-70, 2006.
[5] F. Louwinger, "Case study of Ingula and Lima Pumped Storage Schemes," Energize, vol. Generation: Hydropower plants, pp. 40-44, 2008.
[6] S. Rehman, L. M. Al-Hadhrami, and M. M. Alam, "Pumped hydro energy storage system: A technological review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 44, pp. 586-598, 2015
[7] GEA, "Manual for the Design of Pipe Systems and Pumps," G. M. Equipment, Ed., ed. Am Industriepark 2-10, 21514 Büchen, 2012, pp. 16-23.
[8] M. T. Gatte and R. A. Kadhim, "Hydro Power," in Energy Conservation, A. Z. Ahmed, Ed., ed Ministry of Sciences and Technology, Babylon Department, Hilla, Iraq: In Tech, pp. 1-30, 2012.
[9] A. Kjølle, "Hydropower in Norway. A survey of Mechanical Equipment," pp. 10-184, 2001.
[10] O. M. H. Rodriguez, R. V. A. Oliemans, Experimental study on oil-water flow in horizontal and slightly inclined pipes. International Journal of Multiphase Flow. 32, 323–343 2006.
[11] J. J. Allen, M. A. Shockling, G. J. Kunkel, A. J. Smits, Turbulent flow in smooth and rough pipes. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 365, pp 699–714 ,2007.
[12] L. F. Moody, Friction factors for pipe flow. Transaction of the ASME. 66 (2004), pp. 671–684.
[13] C. P. Jawahar, P. A. Michael, A review on turbines for micro hydro power plant. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 72 (2017), pp. 882–887.
[14] S. Murni, J. Whale, T. Urmee, J. Davis, D. Harries, in Procedia Engineering (Elsevier Ltd, 2012), vol. 49, pp. 189–196.
[15] J. Hanafi, A. Riman, in Procedia CIRP (Elsevier B.V., 2015), vol. 29, pp. 444–449.
[16] M. J. Hancock, J. W. M. Bush, Fluid pipes. Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 466, pp 285–304.
[17] https://www.pedo.pk
[18] G. Luo, Y. Guo, “Rural electrification in China: a policy and institutional analysis,” RenewSustain Energy Rev, pp. 9-23, 2013.
[19] N. F. Yah, A. N. Oumer, M. S. Idris, Small scale hydro-power as a source of renewable energy in Malaysia: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 72 (2017), pp. 228–239.
[20] V. K. Singh, S. K. Singal, Operation of hydro power plants-a review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 69 (2017), pp. 610–619
© The authors retain all copyrights
This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 8, Issue 01, PP. 63-67, January 2021
The reduction of noise emitted from the exhaust of an internal combustion engine is a real challenge for all automotive industries. Mufflers are designed to reflect sound waves produced by the engine in such a way as to cancel the effect of each other by destructive interference between the incoming waves from the engine cylinder and reflected waves from the muffler of 2 stroke motorbike engine. Numerical simulation is carried out to study the sound pressure level (SPL) and flow variables like velocity and pressure of conventional and proposed modified reactive muffler. In the numerical investigation of Conventional muffler and modified muffler, the path of exhaust gases in which it flows is analyzed through large eddy simulation and then Fflowcs Williams and Hawking model are utilized to predict the Sound pressure level of the conventional muffler and modified mufflers by using the time flow history of large eddy Simulation at the receiver location and the result of proposed modified muffler is compared with the conventional muffler. By comparing the Sound pressure level (SPL) results of conventional and modified mufflers show that the sound pressure level of the modified muffler - 01 are 5dB less than the conventional muffler and the sound pressure level of the modified muffler - 02 are 15dB less than the conventional muffler which produces sound pressure level of 80dB. The output velocity of exhaust gases is also drop down from 259.1 m/s of the conventional muffler to 182 m/s in modified design-2. So the stack pressure inside the expansion chamber of modified muffler-02 is less than the conventional muffler which creates high backpressure so our objective is achieved.
Zahoor Ullah: Department of Mechanical Engineering UET, Peshawar, Pakistan
Hassan Ahmed: Department of Mechanical Engineering NED, Karachi, Pakistan
Kareem Akhtar: Department of Mechanical Engineering UET, Peshawar, Pakistan
[1]. Selvaraj, N.V., and N.N. Deshmukh, Experimental and Simulation Study to Reduce Engine Noise. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 2016. 9(34).
[2]. Tutunea, D., M. Calbureanu, and M. Lungu, The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) study of fluid dynamics performances of a resistance muffler. Recent Advances in Fluid Mechanics and Heat & Mass Transfer, 2013: p. 31-34.
[3]. Liu, K., et al., Flow-induced noise simulation using detached eddy simulation and the finite element acoustic analogy method. Advances in Mechanical Engineering, 2016. 8(7): p. 1687814016655683.
[4]. Puneetha, C., H. Manjunath, and M. Shashidhar. Backpressure Study in Exhaust Muffler of Single Cylinder Diesel Engine using CFD Analysis.
[5]. P. B. p. D. Suyog s.Mane, "CFD analysis of Backpressure of the reactive muffler," IJIERT, December 2016.
[6]. A. L. V. prof Amar pandhare, "CFD Analysis of flow through muffler to Selectoptimium muffler model of Ci engine," IJLTET, May 2014.
[7]. K. Pradyumna saripalli, "Cfd Analysis on flow through a resistive muffler of LCV engine," IJSTS, June 2015.
[8]. Pangavhane, S. D. ( Oct-Nov 2013). Experimental and CFD Analysis of a Perforated Inner Pipe Muffler for the Prediction of Backpressure. International Journal of Engineering and Technology (IJET) 11.
[9]. Mr. Sumit Surveet all M. S. (2014).Acoustics and Flow Field Analysis of Perforated muffler design
[10]. Kai Liu et all. Flow-induced noise simulation using detached eddy simulation and the finite element acoustic analogy method (2016).Advances in Mechanical Engineering,
[11]Sileshi kore et all.Performance evaluation of reactive muffler using cfd Department of mechanical engineering Addis Ababa institute of technology Addis Ababa university.
[12] Mr.Zahoor Ullah received a degree in B.SC Mechanical engineering from the University of engineering & technology in Peshawar Pakistan in 2015. Currently, he is pursuing an M.S degree in dynamic System engineering from the University of engineering & technology in Peshawar Pakistan.His main research interest in the field of acoustic.
© The authors retain all copyrights
This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 8, Issue 01, PP. 54-62, January 2021
Energy efficiency assessment is an important tool to save energy and improve the financial gain of an Organization. Almost all the Small and Medium enterprises conducting energy audit in order to save energy and minimize energy consumption per unit product. The energy conservation is a cost effective with short payback period and modest investment. There is a bright scope of energy conservation in Pakistan in various sectors like Sugar. Textile, Cement, Fertilizer, Agriculture, Chemical process, Manufacturing, Pharmaceutical Industries. Pakistan is among the world’s top-10 sugarcane producers, the potential of producing electricity from bagasse is huge. Currently there are around 83 Sugar Mills in Pakistan producing about 3.5 Million metric tons of Sugar per year with total crushing capacity 597900 TCD.which cane produce approximately 3000 MW electricity during crushing season. In Pakistan most of the industries are still using the out dated technologies; inefficient equipment’s and are following inefficient operating practices. But some of the progressive industries have already using the up to dated and efficient technology and are reaping the benefits of reduced energy consumption. This paper shows the Comparison of specific energy consumption of inefficient machineries and energy efficient machineries in Chashma Sugar mill unit-1 District Dera Ismail Khan. Before implementation of efficient machineries bagasse consumption per ton sugar production was 2.35 Tons, Sugar losses in bagasse was 1.98 (pol % bagasse), steam economy was 48.2 % and bagasse saving was 70368 per season. After implementation of up to dated and energy efficient technologies the stated valves will be 1.75 Tons, 1.7 %, 35 % & 138613 Tons per season respectively. The overall energy saving is 25 % with a payback period of less than 03 years.
Kern, F. and Rogge, K.S., 2016. The pace of governed energy transitions: Agency, international dynamics and the global Paris agreement accelerating decarburization processes?. Energy Research & Social Science, 22, pp.13-17.
Van Ruijven, B.J., Van Vuuren, D.P., Boskaljon, W., Neelis, M.L., Saygin, D. and Patel, M.K., 2016. Long-term model-based projections of energy use and CO2 emissions from the global steel and cement industries. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 112, pp.15-36.
Clémençon, R., 2016. The two sides of the Paris climate agreement: Dal failure or historic breakthrough?.
Raturi, A.K., 2017. Renewables 2016 global status report.
John Constable, 2018, Energy efficiency, Smart Meters, and climate policy, The Global Warming Policy Forum
Martinez, D.M. and Ebenhack, B.W., 2008. Understanding the role of energy consumption in human development through the use of saturation phenomena. Energy Policy, 36(4), pp.1430-1435.
Junejo, I. and Khoso, J.R., 2018. Impact of Electricity Crisis on Industrial Growth in Pakistan: A Multiple Regression Analysis Approach. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN BUSINESS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES, 8(9).
[8] Ritchie, H. and Roser, M., 2014. Energy production & changing energy sources. Our World in data.
Safdar, M.Z., Awan, M.Z., Ahmed, Z., Qureshi, M.I. and Hasnain, T., 2016. What does matter? Liquidity or profitability: a case of sugar industry.
© The authors retain all copyrights
This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 8, Issue 01, PP. 47-53, January 2021
Pakistan is located just above the tropic of Cancer; this offers most optimal locations on the globe for Photovoltaic power generation. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has an average solar insolation value more than 5.0KWh/m²/day, which is very appropriate for Photovoltaic deployment. But Photovoltaic power generation trend shows considerably less progress in this region. The aim of this research is to assess the solar potential for photovoltaic power generation in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province by identifying feasible sites both technically and economically for a utility-scale solar power park installation. The feasible sites were identified using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) software. This process uses Multi-Criteria Analysis method to meet different criteria such as solar irradiation, slope and aspect combined with proximity to transmission lines and roads plus a number of limiting factors. The final results showed that 8% (8,000 km²) of the research area is highly suitable for installing utility-scale photovoltaic parks. A total of 18 sites with suitability value of 9 and area greater than 6 km² have been identified in South and South western part of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. In addition, 70 areas of suitability value between 7 and 8 having areas 2-4 km² have been identified. Calculations were carried out to find the technical potential for power generation. The results showed that appropriate amount of feasible areas are available for large scale PV installations, with adequate power generation potential.
Asif Zarin: Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan
[1] International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) Online available https://www.irena.org/
[2] C. P. Castillo, C. Lavalle, and F.B. Silva, " An assessment of the regional potential for solar power generation in EU-28" Energy Policy 24 October 2015.
[3] M. Tahri, M. Hakdaoui, M. Maanan “The evaluation of solar farm locations applying Geographic Information System and Multi-Criteria Decision-Making methods: Case study in southern Morocco” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,vol. Vol.51, , pp.1354-136, November 2015.
[4] F. Albuyeh and A. Ipakchi, “Grid of the future” IEEE Power & Energy Magazine, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 52–62, 24 Feb 2009.
[5] H. Z. Al Garni, and A. Awasthi “Solar PV power plant site selection using a GIS-AHP based approach with application in Saudi Arabia,” Applied Energy, vol. 206, pp. 1225–1240,15 Nov 2017.
[6] A. Naseeb and M. Ramadhan "The cost benefit analysis of implementing photovoltaic solar system in the state of Kuwait" Renewable Energy, vol 36 (4), pp.1272–1276. 23 Oct 2010.
[7] A. Lopez, D. Beckley and E. Doris, " Geospatial Analysis of Renewable Energy Technical Potential on Tribal Land" CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory, February 2013.
[8] J. R. Janke, “Multicriteria GIS modeling of solar and wind farms in Colorado,” Renewable Energy, vol. 35, no. 10, pp. 2228–2234, October. 2010.
[9] C. H. Antunes, J. M. Sánchez-Lozano, L. C. Dias and M. S. García-Cascales, “GIS based photovoltaic solar farms site selection using ELECTRE-TRI, Evaluating the case for Torre Pacheco, Murcia, Southeast of Spain,” Renewable Energy, vol. 66, pp. 478–494, Jun. 2014.
[10] A.A. Merrouni, A. Mezrhab and A. Mezrhab, “PV sites suitability analysis in the Eastern region of Morocco,” Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessment, vol.18, Dec 2016.
[11] O. Nait Mensour B.El GhazzaniB. HlimiA.Ihlal “A geographical information system-based multi-criteria method for the evaluation of solar farms locations: A case study in Souss-Massa area, southern Morocco” Enery, Vol. 182, 1 Sept 2019.
[12] A. Zakaria, M. L. Sabo, M. A. Mohd Radzi, N. Mariun and H. Hizam, “Spatial matching of large-scale grid-connected photovoltaic power generation with utility demand in Peninsular Malaysia,” Applied Energy, vol. 191, pp. 663–688, 1 April 2017.
[13] A. Paduru, D. Hurlbut, D. Corbus, E. Ibanez, P. Schwabe, M. Hand, G. Brinkman,V.Diakov, and M. Milligan, “California-Wyoming Grid Integration Study Phase 1 Economic Analysis California-Wyoming Grid Integration Study Phase 1 — Economic Analysis,” 2014.
[14] E. B. Mondino, R. Chiabrando and E. Fabrizio, “Site Selection of Large Ground Mounted Photovoltaic Plants, A GIS Decision Support System and an Application to Italy,” International Journal of Green Energy, vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 515–525,8 Dec 2014.
[15] M. Welsch, D. Mentis, O. Broad and H. Ronger “A GIS based approach for Electrification planning, A case study on Nigeria,” Energy for Sustainable Development, vol. 29, pp. 142–150, 28 Sept 2015.
[16] A. Gastli and Y. Charabi, “PV site suitability analysis using GIS-based spatial fuzzy multi-criteria evaluation,” Renewable Energy, vol. 36, no. 9, pp. 2554–2561, Sep. 2011.
[17] A. Miller and B. Lumby, “Utility Scale Solar Power Plants - A Guide for Developers,”2012.
[18] L. G. Vargas and T. L. Saaty, "Models, Methods, Concepts and apps of the Analytic Hierarchy Process", 2nd Edition. New York: Springer US, 2012."
© The authors retain all copyrights
This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 8, Issue 01, PP. 41-46, January 2021
Micro Hydro-power Plants (MHPs) play a key role in electrification and economic development of remote rural areas where the government grid system power supply is limited. A field study was conducted to evaluate the performance of crossflow turbines in District Shangla, Pakistan during 2019. The relevant data was collected to find the actual and potential power produced, transmission losses, number of households served and installed capacity of MHPs for detailed analyses. A relatively higher power was generated by MHPs with flow discharges ranged from 0.600 to 0.800 m3/s and head of about 10.00 m. The power produced at generation points varied from 8.496 to 48.574 KW with overall average of 25.782±11.971 KW. About two-third of the MHPs performance in term of average overall efficiency (67.56±11.63%) was found higher as compared to the overall efficiency (37.80±8.79%) of the remaining one-third of MHPs where the installation was not according to the site requirements. The number of Households per MHP ranged from 15 to 250 with overall average of 88±55 and energy demand of 1420±474 watts per household. The total transmission line loss in MHPs studied varied from 0.08 to 1.84 per km with overall average of 0.71±0.58 KW per km. With proper design and installation of MHPs more energy can be generated to minimize the gap between demand and supply in the rural areas.
Ahmad Jamal: Department of Electrical Engineering University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan
Amjad Ullah Khattak: Department of Electrical Engineering University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan
[1] Chattha, Javed A., Mohammad S. Khan, and Anwar ul-Haque. "Micro-hydro power systems: Current status and future research in Pakistan." ASME Power Conference. Vol. 43505. 2009.
[2] Chattha, Javed A., et al. "Design of a cross flow turbine for a micro-hydro power application." ASME 2010 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers Digital Collection, 2010.
[3] Farooqui, Suhail Zaki. "Prospects of renewables penetration in the energy mix of Pakistan." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 29 (2014): 693-700
[4] Singal, S. K. "Selection of best Operating Site of SHP plant based on performance." Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences 189 (2015): 110-116.
[5] Sinagra, Marco, et al. "Cross-Flow turbine design for variable operating conditions." Procedia Engineering 70 (2014): 1539-1548.
[6] Nasir, Bilal Abdullah. "Design of high efficiency cross-flow turbine for hydro-power plant." Int. J. Eng. Adv. Technol 23 (2013): 2249-8958.
[7] Yassi, Yousef. "Improvement of the efficiency of the Agnew micro hydro turbine at part loads due to installing guide vanes mechanism." Energy Conversion and Management 51.10 (2010): 1970-1975.
[8] Adhau, S. P. "A comparative study of micro hydro power schemes promoting self-sustained rural areas." 2009 International Conference on Sustainable Power Generation and Supply. IEEE, 2009.
[9] Okot, David Kilama. "Review of small hydropower technology." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 26 (2013): 515-520.
[10] Trebolle Trebolle, David, and Tomás Gómez San Román. "Reliability options in distribution planning using distributed generation." (2010).
[11] Eto, Joseph, et al. Scoping study on trends in the economic value of electricity reliability to the US economy. No. LBNL-47911. Lawrence Berkeley National Lab., CA (US), 2001.
[12] Pepermans, Guido, et al. "Distributed generation: definition, benefits and issues." Energy policy 33.6 (2005): 787-798.
[13] Mathur, H. D. "Enhancement of power system quality using distributed generation." 2010 IEEE International Conference on Power and Energy. IEEE, 2010.
[14] Nagliero, A., et al. "Management of grid-inverter outages and power quality disturbances in distributed power generation systems." IECON 2010-36th Annual Conference on IEEE Industrial Electronics Society. IEEE, 2010.
[15] Singh, Alka, and Bhim Singh. "Power quality issues related to distributed energy source integration to utility grids." 2010 Annual IEEE India Conference (INDICON). IEEE, 2010.
[16] Bojoi, Radu Iustin, et al. "Enhanced power quality control strategy for single-phase inverters in distributed generation systems." IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics 26.3 (2011): 798-806.
[17] Guerrero, Josep M., et al. "Distributed generation: Toward a new energy paradigm." IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine 4.1 (2010): 52-64.
[18] Marei, Mostafa I., et al. "Hilbert transform based control algorithm of the DG interface for voltage flicker mitigation." IEEE transactions on power delivery 20.2 (2005): 1129-1133.
[19] Woyte, Achim, et al. "Voltage fluctuations on distribution level introduced by photovoltaic systems." IEEE Transactions on energy conversion 21.1 (2006): 202-209.
[20] Uddin, Waqar, et al. "Current and future prospects of small hydro power in Pakistan: A survey." Energy Strategy Reviews 24 (2019): 166-177.
[21] Kaldellis, J. K., D. S. Vlachou, and G. Korbakis. "Techno-economic evaluation of small hydro power plants in Greece: a complete sensitivity analysis." Energy Policy 33.15 (2005): 1969-1985.
[22] Razak, J. A., et al. "Application of crossflow turbine in off-grid Pico hydro renewable energy system." Proceeding of the American-Math 10 (2010): 519-526
© The authors retain all copyrights
This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 8, Issue 01, PP. 37-40, January 2021
In order to study different carbon fiber contents and it’s influences on mechanical properties of concrete, ANSYS materials composites were synthesized to carry out numerical simulation. Here are the results of numerical analysis: The addition of carbon fiber composite can greatly improve the compressive strength of concrete. Among them, the mechanical properties of concrete with 1% carbon fiber content and 2% carbon fiber content are basically the same, but there is no clear improvement in flexural performance. Therefore, the enhancement of mechanical properties of concrete by fiber is closely related to its content. The study of the change between them can effectively reduce the loss of fiber, but also conducive to the promotion of fiber reinforced concrete.
Zhao Xiaolong: College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, 650000, Kunming China. Yunnan Province Key Laboratory of Efficient Urban and Rural Water Safety and Water Saving and Emission Reduction, 650000, Kunming China.
Ismail Shah: Yunnan Province Key Laboratory of Efficient Urban and Rural Water Safety and Water Saving and Emission Reduction, 650000, Kunming China. School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Yunnan Agricultural University, 650000, Kunming China.
Zhai Pingyu: College of Foreign Languages, University of Jinan, 250022, Jinan China.
Fan Xiaoya: College of Water Resources, Yunnan Agricultural University, 6500000, Kunming China. College of Foreign Languages, University of Jinan, 250022, Jinan China.
Wang Jing: Yunnan Province Key Laboratory of Efficient Urban and Rural Water Safety and Water Saving and Emission Reduction, 650000, Kunming China. College of Water Resources, Yunnan Agricultural University, 6500000, Kunming China.
© The authors retain all copyrights
This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 8, Issue 01, PP. 31-36, January 2021
Transformer is one of the most crucial and expensive part of the power system. Any failure in its components may cause major loss to the economy of a country. The healthy operation of the transformer actually ensures the reliable and secure operation of the power system. Keeping in mind the importance of the transformer, this study mainly focuses on the online health monitoring of the transformer in order to detect the fault in its initial stages. This study provides cost effective, real time online monitoring system for the health of the transformer. Real-time data of the transformer is recorded through phasor measurement unit (PMU). Signal to noise ratio (SNR) of voltage and current of the transformer has been calculated. The width of signal to noise ratio is employed as an indicator for the occurrence of fault in the transformer. When transformer operates in its normal conditions the width of SNR band is small, when fault occurs in the transformer the width of SNR band starts to increase. As fault in the transformer continues to increase the width of SNR also increases. Thus this technique can help the transformer operators to take significant steps in order to mitigate the fault before major accidents.
Shazmina Jamil: U.S Pakistan Centre for Advanced Studies in Energy, University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar
Aehtsham-Ul-Haq: U.S Pakistan Centre for Advanced Studies in Energy, University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar
[1] Masoum, A.S., Hashemnia, N., Abu-Siada, A., Masoum, M.A. and Islam, S.M., 2017. Online transformer internal fault detection based on instantaneous voltage and current measurements considering impact of harmonics. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 32(2), pp.587-598.
[2] Thangavelan, M., Prabavathi, K. and Ramesh, L., 2013. Review on Power Transformer Internal Fault Diagnosis. Journal of Electrical Engineering, 14, pp.372-377.
[3] Henault, P., 2011, May. Detection of internal arcing faults in distribution transformers. In Transmission and Distribution Construction, Operation and Live-Line Maintenance (ESMO), 2011 IEEE PES 12th International Conference on (pp. 1-7). IEEE.
[4] Prasetiyono Hari Mukti , Feby Agung Pamuji, Buyung Sofiarto Munir., 2014. Implementation of Artificial Neural Networks for Determining Power Transfomer Condition.In ADCONP ,pp.473-477
[5] Z. Moravej *, S. Bagheri., 2015. Condition Monitoring Techniques of Power Transformers: A Review. Journal of Operation and Automation in Power Engineering, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp 71-82
[6] Drasko Furundzic, Zeljko Djurovic, Vladimir Celebic, and Iva Salom., 2012. Neural Network Ensemble for Power Transformers Fault Detection.IEEE NEURAL 11th symposium on neural network application in electrical engineering,NEURAL-2012, pp 247-251
© The authors retain all copyrights
This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 8, Issue 01, PP. 18-30, January 2021
With the rapid increase in need of electricity, electric power system is becoming complex day by day. Different types of generating units and loads are connected with one another to form a huge generating, transmitting and distributing network. Pakistan is being confronted with acute shortage of electric power and measures need to be taken on short terms to tackle these problems. In Distributed generation, DG can be utilized efficiently in such cases due to the reason that DG can be on site generation with less time of installation and generating electricity. However, integrating a DG unit with a distribution system causes some disparities if some issues like proper sizing, capacity and location are not taken into consideration. Theses disparities can be related to voltage profile, stability, power losses, harmonics etc. which can cause damage to different electrical devices and units. Particularly, this research work covers the adverse effects on voltage profile when a DG unit is being integrated with the distribution system without taking its size, capacity and location into consideration together with the methods for alleviating these effects. A 132 kv residential feeder has been taken as a test case. Which is further modeled in Electrical Transient Analyzer Program ETAP. Various tests are taken into consideration to analyze the effects of DG on distribution system. Different cases are being analyzed taking system with and without DG unit installed at different busbars. It has been observed that significant improvement in voltage profile occurred when DG is inserted in system with proper consideration of size location and capacity.This research work can help expanding power system in future and tackling different issues related to voltage profile in distribution sector worldwide and particularly in Pakistan.
Muhammad Salman:Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
Amjadullah Khattak: Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
Mushtaq Ahmad Khan Khattak: Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
Waqar Hussain: Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
[1] Digambar M Tagare. Electricity power generation: the changing dimensions, volume 56. John Wiley & Sons, 2011.
[2] Ashish Shrestha, Bibhu Bikram Shah, Bidur Raj Gautam, Shailendra Kumar Jha, “Framework Development to Analyze the Distribution System for Upper Karnali Hydropower Project Affected Area”, International Journal of Modern Engineering Research, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 82-91, 2017.
[3] Olukayade A. Afolabi, Warsame H. Ali, Penrose Cofie, John Fuller, Pamela Obiomon, Emmanuel S. Kolawole, “Analysis of the Load Flow Problem in Power System Planning Studies”, Energy and Power Engineering, vol. 7, pp. 509-523, 2015.
[4] Khin Thu Zar Win, Hla Myo Tun, “Design and Implementation of SCADA System Based Power Distribution for Primary Substation (Control System)”, Int. Journal of Electronics and Computer Science Engineering, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 254-261, 2014.
[5] “Renewable global status 2018 report”, Renewable energy policy network for the 21st century (REN21),(Available on line at http://www.ren21.net/status-of-renewables/global-status-report/). [6] World Bank, “Access to electricity of population”, [Online]. Available: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS. [Accessed: 23-Aug-2015].
[6] Kim JC, Cho SM, Shin HS. Advanced power distribution system configuration for smart grid, in IEEE trans. Smart Grid. 2013.
[7] H. Yang, D. Yi, J. Zhao, F. Luo and Z. Dong, “Distributed Optimal Dispatch of Virtual Power Plant Based on Elm Transformation”, Journal of Industrial and Management Optimization, Vol. 10, No. 4, 2014.
[8] M. Tahmasebi and J. Pasupuleti, “Self-Scheduling of Wind Power Generation with Direct Load Control Demand Response as a Virtual Power Plant”, Indian Journal of Science and Technology, Vol 6(11), 2013.
[9] V. Robu, R. Kota, G. Chalkiadakis, A. Rogers, N.R. Jennings, “Cooperative Virtual Power Plant Formation Using Scoring Rules”, Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (AAMAS), Vol. 3, 2012, p. 1165-1166.
[10] J.A. Barbosa, R.P.S. Leao, C.F.P. Lima, M.C. O. Rego and F.L.M. Antunes, “Decentralised Energy Management System to Virtual Power Plants”, International Conference on Renewable Energies and Power Quality (ICREPQ10), 2010.
[11] J.B. Eisen, “Distributed Energy Resources, Virtual Power Plants, and the Smart Grid”, Environmental & Energy Law & Policy Journal, Vol. 7, No. 2, 2012.
[12] C. S. Ioakimidis, K. N. Genikomsakis, A. Aragonés, A. Escuredo and F. Sanchez, “Design of a Virtual Power Plant in the presence of microrenewables and electric vehicles in a microgrid concept for realtime simulation as part of a Remote Lab”, Renewable Energy and Power Quality Journal (RE&PQJ), No.11, 2013.
[13] a. Nikonowicz, J. Milewski, “Virtual Power Plants – general review: structure, application and optimization”, Journal of Power Technologies 92 (3) (2012), p. 135–149.
© The authors retain all copyrights
This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 8, Issue 01, PP. 14-17, January 2021
Micro-grids with high renewable penetration have low inertia and it leads to frequency stability problems. Virtual inertia emulation provides active power to system during transient time to improve dynamics frequency stability. In this study, derivative technique is used to calculate the derivative of frequency for virtual inertia emulation. Simulations results confirm that frequency dip occurs in case of contingency and virtual inertia control reduces this frequency deviation. It helps to improve overall frequency stability and prevents unnecessary load shedding.
Aehtsham Ul Haq: Department of Electrical Energy System Engineering, US-Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Energy (US-PCASE), UET Peshawar
Iatizaz Ahsan: Department of Electrical Energy System Engineering, US-Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Energy (US-PCASE), UET Peshawar
Shazmina Jamil: Department of Electrical Energy System Engineering, US-Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Energy (US-PCASE), UET Peshawar
[1] Kerdphol, T., et al., Robust Virtual Inertia Control of a Low Inertia Microgrid Considering Frequency Measurement Effects. IEEE Access, 2019. 7: p. 57550-57560.
[2] Marzband, M., et al., Distributed generation for economic benefit maximization through coalition formation–based game theory concept. International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems, 2017. 27(6): p. e2313.
[3] Impram, S., S.V. Nese, and B. Oral, Challenges of renewable energy penetration on power system flexibility: A survey. Energy Strategy Reviews, 2020. 31: p. 100539.
[4] Machowski, J., et al., Power system dynamics: stability and control. 2020: John Wiley & Sons.
[5] Tamrakar, U., et al., Virtual inertia: Current trends and future directions. Applied Sciences, 2017. 7(7): p. 654.
[6] Bryant, M.J., et al., Frequency Control Challenges in Power Systems with High Renewable Power Generation: An Australian Perspective.
[7] Obaid, Z.A., et al., Frequency control of future power systems: reviewing and evaluating challenges and new control methods. Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy, 2019. 7(1): p. 9-25.
[8] Im, W.-S., et al., Distributed virtual inertia based control of multiple photovoltaic systems in autonomous microgrid. IEEE/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica, 2016. 4(3): p. 512-519.
[9] Kerdphol, T., et al., Enhanced Virtual Inertia Control Based on Derivative Technique to Emulate Simultaneous Inertia and Damping Properties for Microgrid Frequency Regulation. IEEE Access, 2019. 7: p. 14422-14433.
[10] Ingalalli, A., et al. Modeling Hydro Power System Frequency Dynamics for Virtual Inertia Emulation. in 2019 IEEE 28th International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE). 2019. IEEE.
[11] Zheng, Y., Virtual Inertia Emulation in islanded microgrids with energy storage system. 2016.
[12] Bevrani, H. and J. Raisch, On virtual inertia application in power grid frequency control. Energy Procedia, 2017. 141: p. 681-688.
[13] Poolla, B.K., S. Bolognani, and F. Dörfler, Optimal placement of virtual inertia in power grids. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 2017. 62(12): p. 6209-6220
© The authors retain all copyrights
This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 8, Issue 01, PP. 08-13, January 2021
As renewable energy is intermittent in nature, its integration in to the power grid is challenging task. Hence remote monitoring and data acquisition of various performance parameters from the renewable energy systems has become of paramount importance. Round the clock monitoring of the system ensures the stable and reliable operation of the system, by proper management, in this way an individual at a remote location can know whether the system is producing sufficient energy or not which is essential for its stable operation. This feature can be ensured by the use of real-time performance monitoring. If it is observed the sources is not working properly then an immediate remedy can be done to it before it sets in a chain of events and make things worse. The proposed monitoring system formulates unified data acquisition standard for distributed RES and real-time monitoring of RES such as solar PV. The system is an IoT server based using an Arduino to send the real-time power production to the cloud for remote access by the operator or the owner.
Asfandyar Khalid: Department of Electrical Energy System Engineering, US-Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Energy (USPCAS-E), UET Peshawar, Pakistan
Amir Khan: Department of Electrical Energy System Engineering, US-Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Energy (USPCAS-E), UET Peshawar, Pakistan
Jawad Ul Islam: Department of Electrical Energy System Engineering, US-Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Energy (USPCAS-E), UET Peshawar, Pakistan
Junaid Ur Rehman: Department of Electrical Energy System Engineering, US-Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Energy (USPCAS-E), UET Peshawar, Pakistan
Haseen Ullah: Department of Electrical Energy System Engineering, US-Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Energy (USPCAS-E), UET Peshawar, Pakistan
[1] Agrawal, M. and A. Mittal, Data-Acquisition & Remote Monitoring for Renewable Energy systems. International Journal of Electrical, Electronics and Data Communication, 2014. 2(9): p. 66-71.
[2] Tang, Y., et al. Design and Realization of Online Monitoring System of Distributed New Energy and Renewable Energy. in IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 2018. IOP Publishing.
[3] Bedi, G., et al., Review of internet of things (IoT) in electric power and energy systems. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 2018. 5(2): p. 847-870.
[4] Stojkoska, B.L.R. and K.V. Trivodaliev, A review of Internet of Things for smart home: Challenges and solutions. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2017. 140: p. 1454-1464.
[5] Gagliarducci, M., D. Lampasi, and L. Podesta, GSM-based monitoring and control of photovoltaic power generation. Measurement, 2007. 40(3): p. 314-321.
[6] Papageorgas, P., et al., Smart Solar Panels: In-situ monitoring of photovoltaic panels based on wired and wireless sensor networks. Energy Procedia, 2013. 36: p. 535-545.
[7] Tina, G.M. and A.D. Grasso, Remote monitoring system for stand-alone photovoltaic power plants: The case study of a PV-powered outdoor refrigerator. Energy conversion and management, 2014. 78: p. 862-871.
[8] Rahman, M.M., et al., Global modern monitoring systems for PV based power generation: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2018. 82: p. 4142-4158.
[9] Chouder, A. and S. Silvestre, Automatic supervision and fault detection of PV systems based on power losses analysis. Energy conversion and Management, 2010. 51(10): p. 1929-1937.
[10] López, M.E.A., F.J.G. Mantinan, and M.G. Molina. Implementation of wireless remote monitoring and control of solar photovoltaic (PV) system. in 2012 Sixth IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution: Latin America Conference and Exposition (T&D-LA). 2012. IEEE.
[11] Zhou, B., et al., Smart home energy management systems: Concept, configurations, and scheduling strategies. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2016. 61: p. 30-40.
[12] Daliento, S., et al., Monitoring, diagnosis, and power forecasting for photovoltaic fields: a review. International Journal of Photoenergy, 2017. 2017.
[13] Polo, J., W. Fernandez-Neira, and M. Alonso-García, On the use of reference modules as irradiance sensor for monitoring and modelling rooftop PV systems. Renewable energy, 2017. 106: p. 186-191.
[14] Manzano, S., et al. An Overview Of Remote Monitoring PV Systems: Acquisition, Storages, Processing And Publication Of Real-Time Data Based On Cloud Computing. in 13Th International Workshop on Large-Scale Integration of Wind Power into Power Systems as well as on Transmission Networks for Offshore Wind Power Plants & 4th Solar Integration Workshop which will be held from. 2014.
[15] Madeti, S.R. and S. Singh, Monitoring system for photovoltaic plants: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2017. 67: p. 1180-1207.
[16] Triki-Lahiani, A., A.B.-B. Abdelghani, and I. Slama-Belkhodja, Fault detection and monitoring systems for photovoltaic installations: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2018. 82: p. 2680-2692.
[17] Watjanatepin, N. and C. Boonmee. Development of the LabVIEW Monitoring System for the Hybrid PV-Wind Energy System. in Tech Connect World Conference and Expo. 2010.
[18] Hamdaoui, M., et al. Monitoring and control of the performances for photovoltaic systems. in International Renewable Energy Congress. 2009.
[19] Benghanem, M., A.H. Arab, and K. Mukadam, Data acquisition system for photovoltaic water pumps. Renewable Energy, 1999. 17(3): p. 385-396.
[20] 20. Benghanem, M. and A. Maafi. Data acquisition system for photovoltaic systems performance monitoring. in IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference Sensing, Processing, Networking. IMTC Proceedings. 1997. IEEE
© The authors retain all copyrights
This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
Vol. 8, Issue 01, PP. 01-07, January 2021
In this paper comparative analysis of maximum power point tracking techniques has been conducted to achieve highest magnitude of power from photovoltaic array. The algorithms proposed in this paper for extracting peak output from photovoltaic array are Perturb and Observe, Incremental Conductance, and Fuzzy Logic Control. There are some limitations with conventional converters i.e. Buck-Boost converter. When the operating voltage exceeds normal voltage as the voltage becomes high, the conventional converters fail to carry high voltage and current. Apart from this the ripple contents also increase abnormally due to the large impedance in the conventional converter. Similarly these converters cannot track maximum power point faster and effectively. In that case Single Ended Primary Inductor Converter (SEPIC) is the best choice instead of the conventional buck-boost converter, which is employed with the aim of extracting maximum output from the photovoltaic array. The aim of this study is to compare three MPPT techniques under varying environmental conditions with respect to maximum power extraction and speed of tracking time. SEPIC is used instead of conventional buck-boost converter in order to achieve maximum efficiency and less ripples. Also it can track maximum power point (MPP) faster than Buck-Boost Converter. Comparative analysis of three most extensively used MPPT techniques have been conducted in Simulink/Matlab.
Amir Khan: Department of Electrical Energy System Engineering, US-Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Energy (USPCAS-E), UET Peshawar, Pakistan
Muhammad Durri Aqil: School of Electrical and Control Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xian, China
Naveed Malik: Department of Electrical Energy System Engineering, US-Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Energy (USPCAS-E), UET Peshawar, Pakistan
Farhan Ullah: Department of Electrical Energy System Engineering, US-Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Energy (USPCAS-E), UET Peshawar, Pakistan
Asfandyar Khalid: Department of Electrical Energy System Engineering, US-Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Energy (USPCAS-E), UET Peshawar, Pakistan
[1] Anonymous, “2020 climate & energy package,” Climate Action - European Commission, 23-Nov-2016. [Online]. Available: https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/strategies/2020_en.
[2] “MITEI-The-Future-of-Solar-Energy.pdf.” .
[3] “18-DESIGN OF A SEPIC CONVERTER FOR SOLAR PV SYSTEM.pdf.” .
[4] “Comparison of Photovoltaic Array Maximum Power Point Tracking Techniques - IEEE Journals & Magazine.” [Online]. Available: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4207429.
[5] “Solar Cell Structure | PVEducation.” [Online]. Available: http://www.pveducation.org/pvcdrom/solar-cell-operation/solar-cell-structure.
[6] S. Price and R. Margolis, “2008 Solar Technologies Market Report,” p. 131.
[7] M. A. G. de Brito, L. P. Sampaio, G. Luigi, G. A. e Melo, and C. A. Canesin, “Comparative analysis of MPPT techniques for PV applications,” in 2011 International Conference on Clean Electrical Power (ICCEP), Ischia, Italy, 2011, pp. 99–104.
[8] “Comparative study of maximum power point tracking techniques for hybrid renewable energy system.pdf.” .
[9] A. F. Murtaza, H. A. Sher, M. Chiaberge, D. Boero, M. De Giuseppe, and K. E. Addoweesh, “Comparative analysis of maximum power point tracking techniques for PV applications,” in INMIC, Lahore, Pakistan, 2013, pp. 83–88.
[10] “Power tracking techniques for efficient operation of photovoltaic array in solar applications – A review-2019.pdf.”
© The authors retain all copyrights
This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.