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Pilot Design of Aerated Windrow Composting by Green Waste: A Step towards Sustainable Energy

Vol. 11, Issue 12, PP. 210-217 December 2024

Published online Pilot Design of Aerated Windrow Composting by Green Waste: A Step towards Sustainable Energy

ePub PDF

Abstract

Sustainable solutions are required to address the growing problem of solid waste management (SWM) in urban areas, especially in developing countries. The objective of this study is to treat organic solid waste (OSW) from academic institutions by investigating the design and development of an effective pilot plant for aerated windrow composting. The research looks on turning food waste from campus canteens into nutrient-rich compost at the Department of Chemical Engineering at the University of Karachi. Under carefully monitored circumstances, the aerobic aerated windrow composting process optimized critical parameters like temperature, moisture content, pH, and the carbon-to-nitrogen (C: N) ratio. Microbial activity produced a notable reduction in trash volume over the course of the 60-day composting period. The finished compost had a (C: N) ratio of 30.3:1 and an ideal organic content of 58%. The thermophilic phase was successful, as seen by temperature profiles, peaking at 65°C and facilitating efficient pathogen elimination and nutrient stabilization. Acceptable amounts of potassium (1.44%), phosphorus (1.3%), and nitrogen (1.1%) were found in the laboratory, along with a pH of 8.5. These findings highlight the promise of aerated windrow composting as an economical and green way to handle urban garbage in tropical regions. The study concludes that implementing such composting systems in academic institutions can significantly mitigate the environmental impact of OSW. This research provides critical insights for policymakers and environmental engineers, supporting the development of large-scale composting initiatives to address waste management challenges in Karachi and similar urban environments.

Author

Sadaf Rani, Haroon Khan, Usama Abid

Cite

Sadaf Rani, Haroon Khan, Usama Abid “Pilot Design of Aerated Windrow Composting by Green Waste: A Step towards Sustainabl, Vol. 11, Issue 12, PP. 210-217, December 2024. https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.24.1112210217., ,

References

P. Gupta, A. Sharma, and L. K. Bhardwaj, “Solid Waste Management (Swm) and Its Effect on Environment & Human Health,” Futur. Trends Agric. Eng. Food Sci. Vol. 3 B. 4, no. September, pp. 91–101, 2024, doi: 10.58532/v3bcag4p1ch7.
Forbes H.; Quested T.; O’Connor C., Food Waste Index Report 2021. 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.unep.org/resources/report/unep-food-waste-index-report-2021
F. A. Azis, M. Rijal, H. Suhaimi, and P. E. Abas, “Patent Landscape of Composting Technology: A Review,” Inventions, vol. 7, no. 2, 2022, doi: 10.3390/inventions7020038.
A. Iqbal, Y. Abdullah, A. S. Nizami, I. A. Sultan, and F. Sharif, “Assessment of Solid Waste Management System in Pakistan and Sustainable Model from Environmental and Economic Perspective,” Sustain., vol. 14, no. 19, 2022, doi: 10.3390/su141912680.
A. Sanjrani, S. Rind, M. A. Sanjrani, and K. H. Shaikh, “Solid Waste Management: Environmental Impact and Solutions, Specially Focused on Pakistan,” J. Entrep. Manag. Innov., vol. 5, no. 1, 2023, doi: 10.52633/jemi.v5i1.
S. Khan, L. C. M. Alvarez, and Y. Wei, “Sustainable Management of Municipal Solid Waste Under Changing Climate : a Case Study of Karachi , Pakistan,” Asian J. Environ. Sci. Technol., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 1–9, 2018.
A. A. Ananno, M. H. Masud, S. A. Chowdhury, P. Dabnichki, N. Ahmed, and A. M. E. Arefin, “Sustainable food waste management model for Bangladesh,” Sustain. Prod. Consum., vol. 27, pp. 35–51, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.spc.2020.10.022.
W. Z. Khan, V. Inglezakis, S. Ishtiaque, and K. Moustakas, “Assessment of municipal solid waste management practices in Karachi City, Pakistan,” Int. J. Environ. Waste Manag., vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 131–150, 2019, doi: 10.1504/IJEWM.2019.101281.
A. Ahmed, A. Hussain, S. Thahrani, S. Ahmed, A. Q. Khoso, and B. Soomro, “Municipal Solid Waste Management and Waste to Energy in Karachi Pakistan †,” Eng. Proc., vol. 12, no. 1, 2021, doi: 10.3390/engproc2021012019.
N. Y. I. HASSAN, N. H. A. EL WAHED, A. N. ABDELHAMID, M. ASHRAF, and E. A. ABDELFATTAH, “Composting: an Eco-Friendly Solution for Organic Waste Management To Mitigate the Effects of Climate Change,” Innovare J. Soc. Sci., vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 1–7, 2023, doi: 10.22159/ijss.2023.v11i4.48529.

Advanced Optimization of PV Panel Cleaning Robot Based on Machine Learning Algorithms

Vol. 11, Issue 11, PP. 203-209 November 2024

Published online Advanced Optimization of PV Panel Cleaning Robot Based on Machine Learning Algorithms

ePub PDF

Abstract

This study introduces a robotic system designed to maintain photovoltaic (PV) panel efficiency by removing dust and debris that reduce energy output. The robot uses sensors and actuators to clean panels and adjusts its actions based on real-time environmental data. Engineered for efficiency and energy conservation, it includes cleaning brushes and movement modules. Machine learning techniques convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for detecting dust and reinforcement learning (RL) for optimizing movement paths enhance the robot adaptability. These algorithms enable it to balance dust removal effectiveness, energy use, and time efficiency, optimizing its cleaning strategy for sustainable PV panel maintenance.

Author

Shah Muhammad Adnan, Xu Wensheng, Muhammad Tahir Zaman,

Muhammad Aurangzeb, Fawwad Hassan Jaskani

Cite

Shah Muhammad Adnan, Xu Wensheng, Muhammad Tahir Zaman, Muhammad Aurangzeb, Fawwad Hassan Jaskani “Advanced Optimization of PV Panel Cleaning Robot Based on Machine Learni, Vol. 11, Issue 11, PP. 203-209, November 2024. https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.24.1111203209., , , , ,

References

Al-Helal, I. M., Alhamdan, A. M., (2009). “Effect of arid environment on radiative properties of greenhouse polyethylene cover”, Solar Energy 83, 790-798.
Alshehri, A., Parrott, B., Outa, A., Amer, A., Abdellatif, F., Trigui, H., Carrasco, P., Patel, S., Taie, I.,“Dust mitigation in the desert: Cleaning mechanisms for solar panels in arid regions”, (2014).
Saudi Bouaouadja, N., Bouzid, S., Hamidouche, M., Bousbaa, C., Madjoubi, M., (2000). “Effects of sandblasting on the efficiencies of solar panels”, Applied Energy 65, 99-105.
Charfi, W., Chaabane, M., Mhiri, H., Bournot, P., (2018). “Performance evaluation of a solar photovoltaic system”, Energy Reports 4, 400-406. Ghazi, S., Sayigh, A., Ip, K., (2014). “Dust effect on flat surfaces–A review paper”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 33, 742-751.
Gholami, A., Alemrajabi, A. A., Saboonchi, A., (2017). “Experimental study of self-cleaning property of titanium dioxide and nanospray coatings in solar applications”, Solar Energy 157, 559-565. He, G., Zhou, C., Li, Z., (2011). “Review of Self-Cleaning Method for Solar Cell Array”, Procedia Engineering 16, 640-645.
Kaldellis, J.K., Kapsali, M., (2011). “Simulating the dust effect on the energy performance of photovoltaic generators based on experimental measurements”, Energy 36, 5154-5161.
Kalogirou, S. A., Agathokleous, R., Panayiotou, G., (2013). “On-site PV characterization and the effect of soiling on their performance”, Energy 51, 439-446.
Charfi, W., Chaabane, M., Mhiri, H., Bournot, P., (2018). “Performance evaluation of a solar photovoltaic system”, Energy Reports 4, 400-406.
Maghami, M. R., Hizam, H., Gomes, C., Radzi, M. A., Rezadad, M. I., Hajighorbani, S., (2016). “Power loss due to soiling on solar panel: A review”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 59, 1307-1316.
Jaradat, M. A., Tauseef, M., Altaf, Y., Saab, R., Adel, H., Yousuf, N., & Zurigat, Y. H. (2015). A fully portable robot system for cleaning solar panels. In 2015 10th International Symposium on Mechatronics and its Applications (ISMA) (pp. 1-6). IEEE.

Effect of Fly Ash and Silica Particles on Mechanical and Thermal Properties of A-356 alloy

Vol. 11, Issue 09, PP. 197-202 September 2024

Published online Effect of Fly Ash and Silica Particles on Mechanical and Thermal Properties of A-356 alloy

ePub PDF

Abstract

This study investigates the effect of fly ash and silica particles on the mechanical and thermal properties of A-356 alloy. A-356, an aluminum alloy, is popular and has gained significant attention due to its lightweight and excellent mechanical properties. A-356 was reinforced with fly ash and silica at different weight percentages, and the composite was fabricated using a sand casting technique at around 660oC. hardness and thermal resistance tests were conducted, revealing a significant enhancement in hardness and thermal resistance with the addition of fly ash and silica particles. The microstructural analysis through S.E.M. and XRD showed a uniform distribution of fly ash and silica particles throughout the matrix.

Author

Arsalan, Feroz Shah, Quaid Jamal, Bilal Islam, Aizaz Ahmad Khan

Cite

Arsalan, Feroz Shah, Quaid Jamal, Bilal Islam, Aizaz Ahmad Khan “Effect of Fly Ash and Silica Particles on Mechanical and Thermal Properties , Vol. 11, Issue 09, PP. 197-202, September 2024. https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.24.1109197202., , , ,

References

[1] K. Vijaya Bhaskar, S. Sundarrajan, M. Gopi Krishna, K. Ravindra Materials today: proceedings, 2017

[2] https://www.matweb.com/search/datasheet_print.aspx?matguid=d524d6bf305c4ce99414cabd1c7ed070

[3] Adarsh Patil, N.R. Banapurmath, Anand M. Hunashyal, Vinod Kumar V. Meti I.O.P. conference series. Materials Science and Engineering, 2020

[4] Babu Rao, J., Venkata Rao, D. and Bhargava, N.R.M.R. "Development of ALFA Lightweight Composites," International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, Vol. 2, No. 11, pp. 50-59, 2010.

[5] Babu Rao, J., Venkata Rao, D. and Bhargava, N.R.M.R. "Development of ALFA Lightweight Composites," International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, Vol. 2, No. 11, pp. 50-59, 2010.

[6] Rohatgi, P.K., Weiss, D. and Nikhil Gupta "Application of fly ash in the synthesis of low-cost metal matrix composites for automotive and other engineering applications," J.O.M., vol. 58, No. 11, pp. 71-76, 2006.

[7] LI Yue-ying, Cao Zhan Yi and Liu Yong Bing "Mechanical behavior of ZL109/Al2O3•SiO2 particle reinforced composites", Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, vol. 17, pp. 290-294, 2007.

[8] K.V. Mahindra, K. Radhakrishna, Materials Science-Poland, Vol. 25, No. 1, 2007

[9] Badia. F.A, McDonald, Graphite Al - A New Method of Production and Some Foundry Characteristics. Trans Am Foundry Men Soc Volume 7(1971): pp 630

[10] H.C. Anilkumar, H.S. Hebbar, K.S. Ravishankar, 2011, Mechanical Properties of Fly Ash Reinforced Aluminium Alloy (A16061) Composites International Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering (U.M.M.E.), Vol.6, 41-45

[11] 11.https://www.matweb.com/search/datasheet_print.aspx?matguid=d524d6bf305c4ce99414cabd1c7ed07

Prediction of Resilient Modulus of Subgrade Loamy Soils Through Wave Propagation Technique

Vol. 11, Issue 09, PP. 188-196 September 2024

Published online Prediction of Resilient Modulus of Subgrade Loamy Soils Through Wave Propagation Technique

ePub PDF

Abstract

The strength and performance of the subgrade are evaluated by its resilient modulus (MR) for the design of flexible pavement. The MR is routinely assessed using the cyclic triaxial test by conducting as per the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). Since the triaxial test facility is not widely available and expensive, the proposed study intends to develop an MR relationship with CBR. For this purpose, eight disturbed soil samples were gathered from the Potohar region of Pakistan. The non-destructive test for MR measurement utilizing a new sonic viewer was performed before and after carrying out the CBR. The travel times of the compression (Vc) and shear (Vs) waves were also measured to calculate MR before and after each soaking period. A new empirical correlation between MR and CBR was developed using the ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) approach. This correlation was then evaluated by comparing it to past MR and CBR relationships, resulting in a strong agreement. Moreover, another excellent correlation was found between MR and compression wave velocity (Vc). It was also observed that larger compaction effort (blows/layer) influenced the linear increase in MR, Vc, and Vs values. Finally, UPV for predicting the MR of loamy soils for pavement design was more cost-effective and accurate than the conventional techniques which are complex and time taking.

Author

Usman Ali, Zakir Ullah, Muhammad Bilal, Sana Ullah

Cite

Usman Ali, Zakir Ullah, Muhammad Bilal, Sana Ullah “Prediction of Resilient Modulus of Subgrade Loamy Soils Through Wave Propagation Te, Vol. 11, Issue 09, PP. 188-196, September 2024. https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.24.1109188196., ,

References

[1] Transportation Officials. (1993). AASHTO Guide for Design of Pavement Structures, 1993 (Vol. 1). Aashto.

[2] N. Thom, "Principles of pavement engineering". 2014.

[3] Seed, H. B., Chan, C. K., & Lee, C. E. (1962). Resilience characteristics of subgrade soils and their relation to fatigue failures in asphalt pavements. In International Conference on the Structural Design of Asphalt Pavements. Supplement University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.

[4] Y. H. Huan, (2004) "Pavement Analysis and Design Second Edition." ISBN 13: 9780131424739.

[5] AASHTO (1994). Standard Method of Test for Resilient Modulus of Unbound Granular Base/Subbase Materials and Subgrade Soils. AASHTO Designation: T 294, 1994.

[6] Kirwan, R. W., & Snaith, M. S. (1976). "A simple chart for the prediction of resilient modulus". Geotechnique, 26(1), 212-215.

[7] W. Sas, A. Gluchowski, K. Gabryś, E. Soból, and A. Szymanski, "Resilient modulus characterization of compacted cohesive subgrade soil," Applied Sciences (Switzerland), vol. 7, no. 4, Apr. 2017, doi: 10.3390/app7040370.

[8] Wright, P.H. 1996. Highway Engineering 6th Wiley, New York.

[9] R. A. Khalid, N. Ahmad, M. U. Arshid, S. B. Zaidi, T. Maqsood, and A. Hamid, "Performance evaluation of weak subgrade soil under increased surcharge weight," Constr Build Mater, vol. 318, Feb. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126131.

[10] Heukelom, W., and AsJG Klomp. "Dynamic testing as a means of controlling pavements during and after construction." In International Conference on the Structural Design of Asphalt Pavements University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, vol. 203, no. 1. 1962

Enhancing Quality and Reducing Wastage in ATN Soap Industry Peshawar Using Six Sigma and Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Vol. 11, Issue 09, PP. 177-187 September 2024

Published online Enhancing Quality and Reducing Wastage in ATN Soap Industry Peshawar Using Six Sigma and Artificial Intelligence (AI)

ePub PDF

Abstract

Peshawar ATN Soap Industry is confronted with issues pertaining to substandard quality and ineffective waste management, which influence overall operational performance. This study suggests a thorough strategy that combines artificial intelligence (AI) and Six Sigma methodology to address these problems. AI technology will be used to improve predictive maintenance, maximize resource usage, and eliminate defects; Six Sigma techniques will be used to discover and reduce variances in the soap production process. The research will begin with a thorough examination of the way things are now run, highlighting major issues with waste management and quality. The soap production process will be systematically analyzed and improved through the application of Six Sigma techniques, such as the DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, and Control) methodology. To do this, quantifiable targets must be defined, pertinent data must be gathered, and focused changes must be put into place to get rid of flaws and increase the overall quality of the product. In the context of the ATN Soap Industry, the research seeks to illustrate the synergistic benefits of combining Six Sigma and AI. Significant gains in product quality, a decrease in defects, increased operational effectiveness, and a sustainable waste management strategy are among the anticipated results. This all-encompassing strategy can help improve industrial procedures in the area by acting as a model for other businesses dealing with comparable issues.

Author

Syed Muhammad Shakir Bukhari, Rehman Akhtar

Cite

Syed Muhammad Shakir Bukhari, Rehman Akhtar “Enhancing Quality and Reducing Wastage in ATN Soap Industry Peshawar Using Six Sigma and Artificial Intelligence (AI)” International Journal of Engineering Works, Vol. 11, Issue 09, PP. 177-187, September 2024. https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.24.1109177187.

References

[1] Harry, M., & Schroeder, R. (2000). Six Sigma: The Breakthrough Management Strategy Revolutionizing the World Top Corporations. Doubleday.

[2] Ross, P. (2019). Artificial Intelligence: A Guide for Thinking Humans. Little, Brown Spark.

[3] Pyzdek, T., & Keller, P. A. (2014). The Six Sigma Handbook. McGraw-Hill Education.

[4] Davenport, T. H., & Harris, J. (2007). Competing on Analytics: The New Science of Winning. Harvard Business Review Press.

[5] M. Mohan Prasad, J. M. Dhiyaneswari, J. Ridzwanul Jamaan, S. Mythreyan, and S. M. Sutharsan, “A framework for lean manufacturing implementation in Indian textile industry,” Materials Today: Proceedings, vol. 33, pp. 2986–2995, Jan. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.02.979.

[6] N. Kumar, S. Shahzeb Hasan, K. Srivastava, R. Akhtar, R. Kumar Yadav, and V. K. Choubey, “Lean manufacturing techniques and its implementation: A review,” Materials Today: Proceedings, vol. 64, pp. 1188–1192, Jan. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2022.03.481.

[7] S. Vinodh, S. V. Kumar, and K. E. K. Vimal, “Implementing lean sigma in an Indian rotary switches manufacturing organisation,” Production Planning & Control, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 288–302, Mar. 2014, doi: 10.1080/09537287.2012.684726.

[8] J. Bhamu and K. Singh Sangwan, “Lean manufacturing: literature review and research issues,” International Journal of Operations & Production Management, vol. 34, no. 7, pp. 876–940, Jan. 2014, doi: 10.1108/IJOPM-08-2012-0315.

[9] “Possibilities of Maintenance Service Process Analyses and Improvement Through Six Sigma, Lean and Industry 4.0 Implementation | SpringerLink.” Accessed: Sep. 24, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-01614- 2_43

[10] EV Gijo, J Scaria, J Antony, “Application of six sigma methodology to reduce defects of a grinding process". Quality and Reliability Engineering International, Vol. 27, pp. 1221-1234, 4 May, 2011, doi: doi.org/10.1002/qre.1212

Design and Fabrication of Low-Cost 3D Scanner Based on Photogrammetry for Mechanical Components

Vol. 11, Issue 09, PP. 171-176 September 2024

Published online Design and Fabrication of Low-Cost 3D Scanner Based on Photogrammetry for Mechanical Components

ePub PDF

Abstract

Photogrammetry is a technique used to create a virtual 3D model of objects using photos of an object. A 3D scanner in photogrammetry employs a specific methodology to capture the necessary data and generate accurate 3D models by collecting points from images taken from different angles. Various techniques have been proposed for 3D scanning, which are not easy to use. These require expensive 3D scanners and much time for processing. Therefore, a new fabrication of 3D scanning is required to perform scanning very quickly and efficiently. The proposed photogrammetry approach can enable manufacturing industries to make 3D models of any object efficiently and rapidly. For demonstration, a case study of piston scanning was selected. For this purpose, a smartphone camera is used first to take pictures of the gear from multiple angles. These pictures were then uploaded to Agisoft Metashape Professional to create its 3D scan. The dimensions of this 3D scan were compared to the original part, which showed a deviation of only 0.021 mm, demonstrating its reasonable application for a mechanical component. Finally, using Geomagic Design X, this scan was used to create a one-to-one 3D model of the piston.

Author

Izaz Ul Haq, Prof. Dr. Sahar Noor, Engr. Zeeshan Ahmad, Engr. Muhammad Umair Khan

Cite

Izaz Ul Haq, Prof. Dr. Sahar Noor, Engr. Zeeshan Ahmad, Muhammad Umair Khan “Design and Fabrication of Low-Cost 3D Scanner Based on Photogrammetry for M, Vol. 11, Issue 09, PP. 171-176, September 2024. https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.24.1109171176., ,

References

[1] Haleem, A.; Javaid, M.; Singh, R.P.; Rab, S.; Suman, R.; Kumar, L.; Khan, I.H. Exploring the Potential of 3D Scanning in Industry 4.0: An Overview. Int. J. Cogn. Comput. Eng. 2022, 3, 161–171, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcce.2022.08.003.

[2] Javaid, M.; Haleem, A.; Singh, R.P.; Suman, R. Industrial Perspectives of 3D Scanning: Features, Roles and Its Analytical Applications. Sensors Int. 2021, 2, 100114.

[3] Ding, N.; Zhang, G.; Zhang, L.; Shen, Z.; Yin, L.; Zhou, S.; Deng, Y. Engineering an AI-Based Forward-Reverse Platform for the Design of Cross-Ribosome Binding Sites of a Transcription Factor Biosensor. Comput. Struct. Biotechnol. J. 2023, 21, 2929–2939, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csbj.2023.04.026.

[4] Helle, R.H.; Lemu, H.G. A Case Study on Use of 3D Scanning for Reverse Engineering and Quality Control. Mater. Today Proc. 2021, 45, 5255–5262.

[5] Javaid, M.; Haleem, A.; Singh, R.P.; Rab, S.; Suman, R.; Kumar, R. Studies on the Metrological Need and Capabilities of 3D Scanning Technologies. J. Ind. Integr. Manag. 2023, 8, 321–339.

[6] Jarahizadeh, S.; Salehi, B. A Comparative Analysis of UAV Photogrammetric Software Performance for Forest 3D Modeling: A Case Study Using AgiSoft Photoscan, PIX4DMapper, and DJI Terra. Sensors 2024, 24, 286.

[7] Georgopoulos, A.; Stathopoulou, E.K. Data Acquisition for 3D Geometric Recording: State of the Art and Recent Innovations. Herit. Archaeol. Digit. age Acquis. curation, Dissem. Spat. Cult. Herit. data 2017, 1–26.

[8] Luhmann, T. Close Range Photogrammetry for Industrial Applications. ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens. 2010, 65, 558–569.

[9] KANUN, E. Using Photogrammetric Modeling in Reverse Engineering Applications: Damaged Turbocharger Example. Mersin Photogramm. J. 2021, 3, 21–28, doi:10.53093/mephoj.901188.

[10] KANUN, E.; KANUN, G.M.; YAKAR, M. 3D Modeling of Car Parts by Photogrammetric Methods: Example of Brake Discs. Mersin Photogramm. J. 2022, 4, 7–13, doi:10.53093/mephoj.1131619

Enhancing Energy Security in Pakistan through Smart Grid Technology and Dynamic Scheduling

Vol. 11, Issue 09, PP. 165-170 September 2024

Published online Enhancing Energy Security in Pakistan through Smart Grid Technology and Dynamic Scheduling

ePub PDF

Abstract

The increasing global demand for electricity, coupled with the imperative to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, has propelled the transformation of traditional power grids into intelligent and adaptive systems known as Smart Grids. At the heart of this transformation lies Dynamic Load Scheduling (DLS), an innovative approach that seeks to enhance grid efficiency, optimize energy utilization, and foster grid resiliency. This study undertakes a comprehensive exploration of DLS within the context of a Smart Grid scenario, employing a mixed-methods research approach encompassing literature reviews, case studies, quantitative analysis. The study outcomes contribute to the growing body of knowledge on Smart Grid technologies, specifically highlighting the pivotal role that DLS plays in transforming the future of electrical power systems. With the potential to revolutionize energy management strategies, DLS within Smart Grids emerges as a cornerstone for sustainable, reliable, and resilient energy systems. This research offers a roadmap for policymakers, utilities, and researchers to navigate the complex landscape of Smart Grids and harness the transformative power of Dynamic Load Scheduling. This abstract provides a concise overview of the detailed exploration of Dynamic Load Scheduling in Smart Grids and its role in offering different dynamics.

Author

Umar Khayam, Muhammad Umair, Farhan Ullah

Cite

Umar Khayam, Muhammad Umair, Farhan Ullah “Enhancing Energy Security in Pakistan through Smart Grid Technology and Dynamic Sc, Vol. 11, Issue 09, PP. 165-170, September 2024. https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.24.1109165170., ,

References

[1] World Energy Council (WEC), "World Energy Council definition of energy security," [Online]. Available: https://www.worldenergy.org/. [Accessed: May 12, 2024].

[2] Pakistan Integrated Energy Plan (IGCEP) 2047, Government of Pakistan.

[3] "Pakistan Energy Statistics 2019," Pakistan Energy Information Administration (PEIA).

[4] International Energy Agency (IEA), "Smart Grids: Core Elements," [Online]. Available: https://www.iea.org/reports/smart-grids-core-elements. [Accessed: May 12, 2024]

[5] Smart Electric Power Alliance (SEPA), "Smart Grid Benefits," [Online]. Available: https://sepapower.org/our-work/smart-grid/. [Accessed: May 12, 2024].

[6] Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), "Smart Grid Research," [Online]. Available: https://www.epri.com/research/areas-of-focus/smart-grid. [Accessed: May 12, 2024]

[7] Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), "Dynamic Scheduling in Smart Grids," [Online]. Available: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/. [Accessed: May 12, 2024].

[8] Zhang, Y., Chen, Y., Fu, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2019). Blockchain Based Energy Trading Platform for Microgrid. In 2019 IEEE International Conference on Communications, Control, and Computing Technologies for Smart Grids (SmartGridComm) (pp. 1-6). IEEE.

[9] Liang, Y., Shi, L., Hu, X., & Huang, Y. (2020). A Blockchain-enabled Demand Response Mechanism for Microgrids. In 2020 IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications (SmartGridComm) (pp. 1-6). IEEE.

[10] Wang, J., Xiong, W., Yang, Y., & Han, Z. (2021). Blockchain-Enabled Dynamic Load Scheduling for Microgrids with IoT Integration. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 8(1), 398-407

[11] Zeng, Y., Zhang, H., Gjessing, S., & Zhou, J. (2021). Challenges and Opportunities of Blockchain for Energy Management in Microgrids: A Review. IEEE Access, 9, 53603-53620.

[12] Jamil et al., 2017, Jamil Irfan, Zhao Jinquan, Zhang Li, et al. Evaluation of energy production and energy yield assessment based on feasibility, design, and execution of 350 MW grid-connected solar PV pilot project in Nooriabad"

Solving System of Highly Oscillatory Ordinary Differential Equations with Residual-based Adaptive Refinement of Physics-Informed Neural Networks

Vol. 11, Issue 09, PP. 160-164 September 2024

Published online Solving System of Highly Oscillatory Ordinary Differential Equations with Residual-based Adaptive Refinement of Physics-Informed Neural Networks

ePub PDF

Abstract

This paper presents an innovative method for solving systems of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) characterized by oscillatory solutions, utilizing Residual-Based Adaptive Refinement of Physics-Informed Neural Networks (RAR-PINNs). Conventional numerical techniques often face challenges in accurately resolving oscillatory solutions due to issues with convergence and stability. To address these challenges, we introduce a refined approach that integrates adaptive refinement strategies with physics-informed neural networks, enhancing their capability to model and predict complex oscillatory dynamics. Our method involves an adaptive mechanism that selectively refines the neural network focus based on the residual errors of the predicted solutions, thereby improving accuracy where it is most needed. By incorporating physical constraints directly into the learning process, our approach ensures that the neural network not only captures the underlying oscillatory patterns but also adheres to the governing differential equations. We validate the effectiveness of the RAR-PINNs approach through numerical experiments on benchmark problems with known oscillatory solutions, demonstrating substantial improvements in both solution accuracy and computational efficiency compared to traditional methods. This advancement provides a powerful tool for tackling highly oscillatory ODE systems in various scientific and engineering applications where oscillatory behavior is prevalent.

Author

Ghani Irfan, Haider Zaman, Muhammad Ishaq, Wajid Khan

Cite

Ghani Irfan, Haider Zaman, Muhammad Ishaq, Wajid Khan “Solving System of Highly Oscillatory Ordinary Differential Equations with Residu, Vol. 11, Issue 09, PP. 160-164, September 2024. https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.24.1109160164., , ,

References

[1] K. C. Chang, Nonlinear Oscillations in Mechanical Systems, Springer, 2018.

[2] A. B. Murphy and M. R. Moaveni, Electromagnetic Waves and Oscillations, Wiley, 2019.

[3] S. C. Brenner and L. R. Scott, The Mathematical Theory of Finite Element Methods, Springer, 2008.

[4] R. J. LeVeque, Finite Difference Methods for Ordinary and Partial Differential Equations, SIAM, 2007.

[5] R. Raissi, P. Perdikaris, and G. E. Karniadakis, "Physics-Informed Neural Networks: A Deep Learning Framework for Solving Forward and Inverse Problems Involving Nonlinear Partial Differential Equations," Journal of Computational Physics, vol. 378, pp. 686-707, 2019.

[6] K. S. G. Huerta and T. M. D. Figueroa, "Adaptive Refinement in Neural Network-Based Solvers for Differential Equations," International Journal of Numerical Analysis and Modeling, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 654-675, 2020.

D. E. Rumelhart, G. E. Hinton, and R. J. Williams, "Learning Representations by Back-Propagating Errors," Nature, vol. 323, pp. 533-536, 1986.

Analyzing the Efficiency of CZTSSe Solar Cell With Three Different ETMs

Vol. 11, Issue 09, PP. 153-159, September 2024

Published online Analyzing the Efficiency of CZTSSe Solar Cell With Three Different ETMs

ePub PDF

Abstract

Fossil fuels supply about 85% of global energy but are nonrenewable and harmful to health and the environment. Solar cells (SC) convert solar power to electricity, and due to their ubiquity, low cost, ecological benefits, and rapid production, they have seen significant growth in research. Solar cells are categorized into four groups, each with unique components and benefits. First-generation silicon panels dominated for over 30 years but are declining due to high production costs and energy waste. CZTSSe is a promising third-generation material, offering abundance, low cost, non-toxicity, and efficiency compared to cadmium telluride (CdTe). With a high absorption coefficient and ideal semiconductor structure, CZTSSe shows potential as a novel photovoltaic material, achieving efficiencies up to 12.6%. The SCAPS 1-D modeling tool helps researchers optimize solar cell efficiency by simulating various structures. The study reveals that different ETMs significantly impact CZTSSe solar cell performance, with PCEs of 7.65% and 6.79% using n-CdS and n-ZnSe, respectively. In contrast, using n-TiO2 reduced PCE to 4.37%.

Author

Liaqat Khan, Adnan Daud

Cite

Liaqat Khan, Adnan Duad “Analyzing the Efficiency of CZTSSe Solar Cell With Three Different ETMs” Internati, Vol. 11, Issue 09, PP. 153-159, September 2024. https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.24.1109153159., ,

References

[1] G. Altamura, “Development of CZTSSe thin films based solar cells’’,” p. 150.

[2] Jamil, I.; Lucheng, H.; Iqbal, S.; Aurangzaib, M.; Jamil, R.; Kotb, H.; Alkuhayli, A.; AboRas, K.M. Predictive Evaluation of Solar Energy Variables for a Large-Scale Solar Power Plant Based on Triple Deep Learning Forecast Models. Alex. Eng. J. 2023, 76, 51–73.

[3] I. D. Olekseyuk, I. V. Dudchak, and L. V. Piskach, “Phase equilibria in the Cu2S–ZnS–SnS2 system,” J. Alloys Compd., vol. 368, no. 1, pp. 135–143, 2004, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2003.08.084.

[4] S. Ikeda, “Copper-based kesterite thin films for photoelectrochemical water splitting,” High Temp. Mater. Process., vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 446–460, Dec. 2021, doi: 10.1515/htmp-2021-0050.

[5] R. Triboulet and P. Siffert, Eds., “Chapter I - Crystal Growth and Surfaces,” in CdTe and Related Compounds; Physics, Defects, Hetero- and Nano-structures, Crystal Growth, Surfaces and Applications, in European Materials Research Society Series. , Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2010, pp. 1–144. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-096513-0.00001-7.

[6] H. Katagiri, N. Sasaguchi, S. Hando, S. Hoshino, J. Ohashi, and T. Yokota, “Preparation and evaluation of Cu2ZnSnS4 thin films by sulfurization of EB evaporated precursors,” Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, vol. 49, no. 1–4, pp. 407–414, Dec. 1997, doi: 10.1016/S0927-0248(97)00119-0.

[7] H. Katagiri et al., “Development of CZTS-based thin film solar cells,” Thin Solid Films, vol. 517, no. 7, pp. 2455–2460, Feb. 2009, doi: 10.1016/j.tsf.2008.11.002.

[8] A. Weber et al., “Texture inheritance in thin-film growth of Cu2ZnSnS4,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 95, no. 4, p. 041904, Jul. 2009, doi: 10.1063/1.3192357.

[9] X. Song, X. Ji, M. Li, W. Lin, X. Luo, and H. Zhang, “A Review on Development Prospect of CZTS Based Thin Film Solar Cells,” Int. J. Photoenergy, vol. 2014, p. 613173, May 2014, doi: 10.1155/2014/613173.

[10] T. Yamaguchi, K. Tsujita, S. Niiyama, and T. Imanishi, “Preparation of High Ga Content Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Thin Films by Sequential Evaporation Process Added In2S3,” Adv. Mater. Phys. Chem., vol. 02, no. 04, pp. 106–109, 2012, doi: 10.4236/ampc.2012.24B029.

[11] X.-H. Tan, Y. Chen, and Y.-X. Liu, “Silver nanowire composite thin films as transparent electrodes for Cu(In,Ga)Se2/ZnS thin film solar cells,” Appl Opt, vol. 53, no. 15, pp. 3273–3277, May 2014, doi: 10.1364/AO.53.003273.

[12] G. Altamura, “Development of CZTSSe thin films based solar cells’’”.

[13] J.-S. Kim, J.-K. Kang, and D.-K. Hwang, “High efficiency bifacial Cu 2 ZnSnSe 4 thin-film solar cells on transparent conducting oxide glass substrates,” APL Mater., vol. 4, no. 9, p. 096101, Sep. 2016, doi: 10.1063/1.4962145.

[14] G. Turgut and E. Sonmez, “A Study of Pb-Doping Effect on Structural, Optical, and Morphological Properties of ZnO Thin Films Deposited by Sol–Gel Spin Coating,” Metall. Mater. Trans. A, vol. 45, Jul. 2014, doi: 10.1007/s11661-014-2281-6

Improvement in Current Density Distribution of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell

Vol. 11, Issue 08, PP. 146-152 August 2024

Published online Improvement in Current Density Distribution of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell

ePub PDF

Abstract

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are a promising technology for clean and efficient electricity generation. However, their performance is intricately linked to various physical and chemical processes. This study employs COMSOL Multiphysics 6.3 simulation software to examine the impact of electrode kinetics on SOFC performance. The simulation covers electrode kinetics, activation overpotential, ohmic losses, and mass transport, offering key insights into SOFC behavior. Critical parameters, including electrode potential, electrolyte potential, and current density, are analyzed to identify optimization opportunities, particularly in controlling current density distribution and enhancing the H2 mole fraction on the anode surface. The findings underscore the significant influence of electrode kinetics and activation overpotential on SOFC performance, guiding the design and optimization of these fuel cells for sustainable energy solutions.

Author

Muhammad Usama, Adnan Daud

Cite

Muhammad Usama, Adnan Daud “Improvement in Current Density Distribution of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell” Internationa, Vol. 11, Issue 08, PP. 146-152, August 2024. https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.24.1108146152., ,

References

[1] Martins F, Felgueiras C, Smitkova M, Caetano N., 2019, Analysis of fossil fuel energy consumption and environmental impacts in European countries, Energies, 12, 964-972.

[2] International Standard IEC 60076, "Power transformers", First edition, (1997).

[3] Roth, W & Benz, J & Ortiz, B & Sauer, Dirk Uwe & Steinhüser, A. (2003). Fuel cells in photovoltaic hybrid systems for stand-alone power Supplies. 2nd European PV Hybrid and Mini-Grid Conference, Kassel.

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[6] Xiurong Fang, Jiang Zhu, and Zijing Lin, 2018, Effects of Electrode Composition and Thickness on the Mechanical Performance of a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell, Energies, 11, 7, 1735.

[7] Haoran Xua, Bin Chena, Peng Tana, and Weizi Caia, 2018, Modeling of all porous solid oxide fuel cells, Applied Energy, 219, 105-113.

[8] S.Masciandaro, M.Torrell, and P.Leone, 2017, Three-dimensional printed yttria-stabilized zirconia self-supported

[9] electrolytes for solid oxide fuel cell applications, Journal of European Ceramic Society, 39, 1, 9-16.

Costa, Paula, Filomena Pinto, Rui Neto André, and Paula Marques. 2021. "Integration of Gasification and Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) for Combined Heat and Power (CHP)" Processes 9, no. 2: 254.

Optimal Combination and Sizing for Standalone System for Remote Areas of Balochistan

Vol. 11, Issue 08, PP. 138-145, August 2024

Published online Optimal Combination and Sizing for Standalone System for Remote Areas of Balochistan

ePub PDF

Abstract

Pakistan faces significant energy challenges, particularly in remote areas of Baluchistan, despite abundant renewable resources. This study evaluates the techno-economic viability of hybrid renewable systems for two locations in Baluchistan: Jiwani and Sibi. Using Homer Pro Software, we model and optimize various hybrid configurations combining solar, wind, and conventional energy sources for both on-grid and off-grid scenarios. The study aims to provide electricity to these sites at lower costs than current rates. Homer Pro simulates multiple load-satisfying solutions, employing two algorithms to compute the lowest feasible cost. The software analyzes system performance over time, providing outputs including Cost of Electricity (COE), Net Present Cost, Operating Cost, annual energy production and consumption, excess electricity, losses, and model lifetime. Results indicate that hybrid systems offer the most reliable and cost-effective solutions for remote areas without access to transmission lines. The most feasible solutions for each site are selected based on these outputs, demonstrating the potential of renewable hybrid systems to address Pakistan energy crisis in remote regions.

Author

Ibad Ullah, Faizullah, Abdul Majid Khan

Cite

References

[1] Samad, Hussain A., and Fan Zhang. "Electrification and household welfare: evidence from Pakistan." World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 8582 (2018).

[2] M. T. Masood, F. J. I. J. o. B. Shah, and Management, "Dilemma of third world countries-problems facing pakistan energy crisis a case-in-point," vol. 7, no. 5, p. 231, 2012.

[3] Pakistan economic survey (2019-2020)

[4] Baloch, Mazhar H., Ghulam S. Kaloi, and Zubair A. Memon. "Current scenario of the wind energy in Pakistan challenges and future perspectives: A case study." Energy Reports 2 (2016): 201-210.

[5] Adnan, Shahzada, et al. "Solar energy potential in Pakistan." Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy 4.3 (2012): 032701.

[6] Jahid, A., et al. (2019). "Toward energy efficiency aware renewable energy management in green cellular networks with joint coordination." IEEE Access 7: 75782-75797

[7] Kaabeche, A., et al. (2011). "Sizing optimization of grid-independent hybrid photovoltaic/wind power generation system." Energy 36(2): 1214-1222.

[8] Sen, R. and S. C. Bhattacharyya (2014). "Off-grid electricity generation with renewable energy technologies in India: An application of HOMER." Renewable energy 62: 388-398.

[9] Munuswamy, S., et al. (2011). "Comparing the cost of electricity sourced from a fuel cell-based renewable energy system and the national grid to electrify a rural health centre in India: A case study." Renewable energy 36(11): 2978-2983.

[10] Bhatt, A., et al. (2016). "Feasibility and sensitivity analysis of an off-grid micro hydro–photovoltaic–biomass and biogas–diesel–battery hybrid energy system for a remote area in Uttarakhand state, India." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 61: 53-69

Assessing the Feasibility and Techno-economic potential of Residential Solar Water Heating System in Hayatabad, a Township in Peshawar, Pakistan

Vol. 11, Issue 07, PP. 124-137, July 2024

Published online Assessing the Feasibility and Techno-economic potential of Residential Solar Water Heating System in Hayatabad, a Township in Peshawar, Pakistan

ePub PDF

Abstract

Solar water heating technology is one of the cost-effective ways of heating water in domestic as well as commercial and industrial sectors. The use of Solar Water Heating (SWH) systems is motivated by the desire to reduce the conventional energy consumption (fossil fuels) and especially to reduce a major source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The purposes of the present paper consist in: assessing the solar potential; analysing the possibility of using solar energy to heat water for residential applications in Pakistan; investigating the economic potential of SWH systems; and their contribution to saving energy and reducing CO2 emissions. SWH installations and economic analysis of the proposed model was done by using System Advisor Model (SAM) software tool for Renewable Energy (RE) projects analysis. An empirical model is used for estimating the CO2 reductions due to SWH system implementation by replacing conventional water heating system. The result showed that if a SWH system replaces electricity, it can save 3741 KWh of electrical energy, similarly, by replacing natural gas, it can save 12.7549 MMBTU and reduces 1982.73 kg of CO2, 1.87 kg of SO2 as well as 3.37 kg of NOx. The annual mitigations of GHGs emissions by a single residential SWH system installation are also estimated for coal and crude oil used for electricity production in the country. This research also surveyed different single-family households in the study area with installed SWH system for real time observation and analysis.

Author

Attiq Ullah, Muhammad Nasir Khan, Abdul Aleem, Nadeem ur Rehman, Kiran Asif Shah

Cite

Attiq Ullah, Muhammad Nasir Khan, Abdul Aleem, Nadeem ur Rehman, Kiran Asif Shah “Assessing the Feasibility and Techno-economic potential of Residential Solar Wat, a Township in Peshawar, Pakistan” International Journal of Engineering Works, Vol. 11, Issue 07, PP. 124-137, July 2024. https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.24.1107124137.,

References

[1] Alayi R, Shamel A, Kasaeian A et al. The role of biogas to sustainable development (aspects environmental, security and economic). J Chem Pharm Res 2016;8:112–8.

[2] Alayi R, Kasaeian A, Atabi F. Thermal analysis of parabolic trough concentration photovoltaic/thermal system for using in buildings. Environ Prog Sustain Energy 2019;38:13220.

[3] Zhang N, Lior N, Jin H. The energy situation and its sustainable development strategy in China. Energy 2011;36:3639–49.

[4] A. Håkansson et al. (Eds.): Sustainability in Energy and Buildings, 2013, SIST 22, pp. 787–796. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-36645-1_70

[5] M. Kumar, “Social, Economic, and Environmental Impacts of Renewable Energy Resources,” Wind Sol. Hybrid Renew. Energy Syst. [Working Title], pp. 1–19, 2020, doi: 10.5772/intechopen.89494.

[6] Dehghan, M.; Pfeiffer, C.F.; Rakhshani, E.; Bakhshi-Jafarabadi, R. A Review on Techno-Economic Assessment of Solar Water Heating Systems in the Middle East. Energies 2021, 14, 4944. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/en14164944

[7] Sadhishkumar, S.; Balusamy, T. Performance improvement in solar water heating systems—A review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2014, 37, 191–198.

[8] Majdi, H.; Nabiha, N.; Issam, A.; Abdelhamid, F. Solar water heating systems feasibility for domestic requests in Tunisia: Thermal potential and economic analysis. Energy Convers. Manag. 2013, 76, 599–608.

[9] Vanessa, M.T.B.; Racine, T.A.P. Reduction of carbon dioxide emissions by solar water heating systems and passive technologies in social housing. Energy Policy 2015, 83, 138–150.

[10] Zhang, L.; Xia, J.; Thorsen, J.E.; Gudmundsson, O.; Li, H.; Svendsen, S. Technical, economic and environmental investigation of using district heating to prepare domestic hot water in Chinese multi-storey buildings. Energy 2016, 116, 281–292.

Techno-Economic Evaluation of Hybrid Off-Grid Renewable Energy System

Vol. 11, Issue 06, PP. 111-123, June 2024

Published online Techno-Economic Evaluation of Hybrid Off-Grid Renewable Energy System

ePub PDF

Abstract

With the increase in globalization and population there is an increase in the supply and demand gap in the electricity sector. This gap is increasing day by day and expected to be considerably more in the foreseeable future. The conventional sources used for generation of electricity are depleting and hazardous to environment. Third world countries such as Pakistan are facing a huge problem to lessen the demand and supply gap. There is need to find an alternative that can provide remedy for this alarming situation. Solar renewable energy and biogas are the two sources that are available in abundance in this part of the world which can be used for good effects. Solar renewable energy is relatively new and is adequate to provide electrical energy to the entire world. Pakistan is one of the luckiest countries in the world where sun has the highest numbers of radiations hence lots of solar energy potential. Major components of solar PV system comprise of solar panels, inverters, charge controller, cables and batteries. It is very easy to install and can be upgraded based on the change in the load demand. Bio gas has also lots of potential in this part of the world. This research is focused on the making a system that is economically and environmentally feasible to tackle the load shedding problems in the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Peshawar is selected for this research study and Homer is software used for simulation. Results generated from Homer shows that there is a considerable advantage of using a mix of solar renewable energy system, batteries, bio gas plant along with generator to turn the gas produced into electrical energy. There is also a section on the environmental benefits of renewable energy system and according to simulations obtained from Homer the mixture of solar energy and bio gas is much more environmental friendly than the conventional sources.

Author

Muhammad Naeem, Zohaib Rehman

Cite

Muhammad Naeem, Zohaib Rehman, “Techno-Economic Evaluation of Hybrid Off-Grid Renewable Energy System” International Journal , Vol. 11, Issue 06, PP. 111-123, June 2024. https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.24.1106111123., ,

References

[1] Nardo, M., Forino, D. and Murino, T., 2020. The evolution of man–machine interaction: The role of human in Industry 4.0 paradigm. Production & manufacturing research, 8(1), pp.20-34.

[2] Khan, M.A. and Qayyum, A., 2009. The demand for electricity in Pakistan. OPEC Energy Review, 33(1), pp.70-96.

[3] Amsden, A.H., 2009. Escape from empire: the developing world journey through heaven and hell. mit Press.

[4] Hameer, S. and van Niekerk, J.L., 2015. A review of large‐scale electrical energy storage. International journal of energy research, 39(9), pp.1179-1195.

[5] Chen, C.J., 2011. Physics of solar energy. John Wiley & Sons.

[6] Devabhaktuni, V., Alam, M., Depuru, S.S.S.R., Green II, R.C., Nims, D. and Near, C., 2013. Solar energy: Trends and enabling technologies. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 19, pp.555-564.

[7] Valasai, G.D., Uqaili, M.A., Memon, H.R., Samoo, S.R., Mirjat, N.H. and Harijan, K., 2017. Overcoming electricity crisis in Pakistan: A review of sustainable electricity options. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 72, pp.734-745.

[8] Bakht, M.P., Salam, Z., Bhatti, A.R., Ullah Sheikh, U., Khan, N. and Anjum, W., 2022. Techno-economic modelling of hybrid energy system to overcome the load shedding problem: A case study of Pakistan. PloS one, 17(4), p.e0266660.

[9] Katiraei, F. and Agüero, J.R., 2011. Solar PV integration challenges. IEEE power and energy magazine, 9(3), pp.62-71.

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Study of the Impact of Cerium Addition on the Microstructure and Properties of Tin- Silver (Sn-3.5Ag) Solder Alloy

Vol. 11, Issue 05, PP. 105-110, May 2024

Published online Study of the Impact of Cerium Addition on the Microstructure and Properties of Tin- Silver (Sn-3.5Ag) Solder Alloy

ePub PDF

Abstract

Solders have a vast potential market and are involved in almost every manufacturing and engineering process, such as electronic circuit boards, automobile repair processes, and pipeline soldering. Lead-free solder alloy in the form of Tin-Silver Sn-3.5Ag is considered an excellent alternative to conventional Tin-Lead solder because of its good mechanical properties and less harmful environmental effects. However, some problems, like the formation of large intermetallic compounds associated with Sn-3.5Ag, need high attention. Hence, the growth of intermetallic compounds in the tin matrix is enhanced further at high temperatures; therefore, its effect on the mechanical properties becomes more substantial. Scanning electron microscopy was used to examine the microstructure of intermetallic compound particles. The elemental composition was confirmed using an energy-dispersive X-ray. The results were analyzed to study the effects of adding cerium in different compositions to Sn-3.5Ag, including its effect on making the microstructure more refined and coarser regarding IMCs existence and subsequent effects on mechanical properties. To overcome this problem, this study examines rare earth elements like cerium doping (0.1, 0.3, and 0.6) wt.% into Sn-3.5Ag to study the microstructure and subsequent mechanical properties. The study includes the examination of the microstructure and mechanical properties of novel alloys, namely Sn-3.5Ag, Sn-3.5Ag-0.1Ce, Sn-3.5Ag-0.3Ce, and Sn-3.5Ag-0.6Ce, to ensure the requirement for a green environment and make electronic materials, products, and processes as environmentally benign as possible.

Author

Sharafat Ali, Muhammad Sadiq, Muhammad Arif, Fawad Haider Khan

Cite

Sharafat Ali, Muhammad Sadiq, Muhammad Arif, Fawad Haider Khan “Study of the Impact of Cerium Addition on the Microstructure and Properties of Tin- Silver (Sn-3.5Ag) Solder Alloy, Vol. 11, Issue 05, PP. 105-110, May 2024. https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.24.1105105110., ,

References

1] M. Sona and K. Prabhu, "Review on microstructure evolution in Sn–Ag–Cu solders and its effect on mechanical integrity of solder joints," Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, vol. 24, no. 9, pp. 3149-3169, 2013.

[2] M. Aamir, R. Muhammad, M. Tolouei-Rad, K. Giasin, and V. V. Silberschmidt, "A review: microstructure and properties of tin-silver-copper lead-free solder series for the applications of electronics," Soldering & Surface Mount Technology, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 115-126, 2020, doi: 10.1108/SSMT-11-2018-0046.

[3] U. Ali, H. Khan, M. Aamir, K. Giasin, N. Habib, and M. Owais Awan, "Analysis of microstructure and mechanical properties of bismuth-doped SAC305 lead-free solder alloy at high temperature," Metals, vol. 11, no. 7, p. 1077, 2021.

[4] T. Yasmin and M. Sadiq, "Impact Of Lanthanum Doping on SAC305 Lead Free Solders for High Temperature Applications," Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences (JEAS), University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 29-36, 2014-06-29 2014, doi: 10.25211/jeas.v33i1.197.

[5] H. Ma and J. C. Suhling, "A review of mechanical properties of lead-free solders for electronic packaging," Journal of materials science, vol. 44, no. 5, pp. 1141-1158, 2009.

[6] M. Aamir, M. Tolouei-Rad, I. U. Din, K. Giasin, and A. Vafadar, "Performance of SAC305 and SAC305-0.4La lead free electronic solders at high temperature," Soldering & Surface Mount Technology, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 250-260, 2019, doi: 10.1108/SSMT-01-2019-0001.

[7] M. Aamir, R. Muhammad, N. Ahmed, and M. Waqas, "Impact of thermal aging on the intermetallic compound particle size and mechanical properties of lead free solder for green electronics," Microelectronics Reliability, vol. 78, pp. 311-318, 2017/11/01/ 2017, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microrel.2017.09.022.

[8] H.-T. Lee, Y.-F. Chen, T.-F. Hong, and Y.-J. Huang, "Influence of lanthanum addition on microstructure and properties of Sn-3.5 Ag solder system," in 2008 International Conference on Electronic Materials and Packaging, 2008: IEEE, pp. 183-186.

[9] M. Pei and J. Qu, "Creep and fatigue behavior of SnAg solders with lanthanum doping," IEEE Transactions on Components and Packaging Technologies, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 712-718, 2008.

[10] M. Pei and J. Qu, "Effect of lanthanum doping on the microstructure of tin-silver solder alloys," Journal of Electronic Materials, vol. 37, pp. 331-338, 2008.

[11] F. Sagheer, M. Aamir, and M. Sadiq, "Mechanical properties of Sn-3.5Ag-0.5La lead-free solder alloy for green electronics," in 2021 Seventh International Conference on Aerospace Science and Engineering (ICASE), 14-16 Dec. 2021 2021, pp. 1-4, doi: 10.1109/ICASE54940.2021.9904081.

[12] R. M. Shalaby, "Development of holmium doped eutectic Sn-Ag lead-free solder for electronic packaging," Soldering & Surface Mount Technology, vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 277-286, 2022.

[13] M. Drienovsky et al., "Influence of cerium addition on microstructure and properties of Sn–Cu–(Ag) solder alloys," Materials Science and Engineering: A, vol. 623, pp. 83-91, 2015/01/19/ 2015, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2014.11.033.

[14] X. Tu, D. Yi, J. Wu, and B. Wang, "Influence of Ce addition on Sn-3.0 Ag-0.5 Cu solder joints: Thermal behavior, microstructure and mechanical properties," Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol. 698, pp. 317-328, 2017.

[15] I. Muhammad Aamir, Muhammad Waqas, Muhammad Iqbal, Muhammad Imran Hanif, Riaz Muhammad,, "Fuzzy logic approach for investigation of microstructure and mechanical properties of Sn96.5-Ag3.0-Cu0.5 lead free solder alloy," Soldering & Surface Mount Technology, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 191-198, 2017, doi: doi:10.1108/SSMT-02-2017-0005.

[16] R. Muhammad and U. Ali, "Optimized cerium addition for microstructure and mechanical properties of SAC305," Soldering & Surface Mount Technology, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 197-205, 2021.

[17] M. Sadiq, R. Pesci, and M. Cherkaoui, "Impact of thermal aging on the microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of lanthanum-doped tin-silver-copper lead-free solders," Journal of electronic materials, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 492-501, 2013.

[18] T. Yasmin, M. Sadiq, and M. Khan, "Effect of Lanthanum Doping on the Microstructure Evolution and Intermetallic Compound (IMC) Growth during Thermal Aging of SAC305 Solder Alloy," J Material Sci Eng, vol. 3, no. 141, pp. 2169-0022.1000141, 2014.

[19] B. Ali, "Advancement in microstructure and mechanical properties of lanthanum-doped tin-silver-copper lead free solders by optimizing the lanthanum doping concentration," Soldering & Surface Mount Technology, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 69-75, 2015.

[20] Y. Shi, J. Tian, H. Hao, Z. Xia, Y. Lei, and F. Guo, "Effects of small amount addition of rare earth Er on microstructure and property of SnAgCu solder," Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol. 453, no. 1, pp. 180-184, 2008/04/03/ 2008, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2006.11.165.

[21] L. Gao, S. Xue, L. Zhang, Z. Sheng, G. Zeng, and F. Ji, "Effects of trace rare earth Nd addition on microstructure and properties of SnAgCu solder," Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, vol. 21, no. 7, pp. 643-648, 2010.

[22] L. Gao et al., "Effect of praseodymium on the microstructure and properties of Sn3. 8Ag0. 7Cu solder," Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, vol. 21, no. 9, pp. 910-916, 2010.

[23] L. Zhang, X.-y. Fan, Y.-h. Guo, and C.-w. He, "Properties enhancement of SnAgCu solders containing rare earth Yb," Materials & Design, vol. 57, pp. 646-651, 2014.

[24] L. Zhang, C.-w. He, Y.-h. Guo, J.-g. Han, Y.-w. Zhang, and X.-y. Wang, "Development of SnAg-based lead free solders in electronics packaging," Microelectronics Reliability, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 559-578, 2012/03/01/ 2012, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microrel.2011.10.006.

[25] J.-X. Wang et al., "Effects of rare earth Ce on microstructures, solderability of Sn–Ag–Cu and Sn–Cu–Ni solders as well as mechanical properties of soldered joints," Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol. 467, no. 1, pp. 219-226, 2009/01/07/ 2009, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2007.12.033.

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Polymer Composite Materials for Electromagnetic Waves Absorption

Vol. 11, Issue 04, PP. 61-104, April 2024

Published online Polymer Composite Materials for Electromagnetic Waves Absorption

ePub PDF

Abstract

Electromagnetic wave absorption materials play a vital role in the medical materials field. On the other hand, due to the various adverse effects on humans and other species by military applications and environmental factors, electromagnetic pollution management and interference of electromagnetic have received much attention recently. Specifically, EM-wave absorbers (EMWAs) could minimize the Radar Signature of Structures (RCS), hence decreasing the likelihood of radar detection. The interaction of electromagnetic (EM) waves of various sources can cause machine malfunction owing to data misinterpretation or accidental deletion. Because of the thickness and weight constraints, structural materials that are both light and strong, improved possibilities for electromagnetic absorption are required. In this work, the progression, characterization, and process technology of polymer composite materials used in EMI shielding or EM wave absorption applications were sought. Characterization of EM wave absorption potential was conducted using all the methods and theories. Single and multilayered combinations of surface-modified polymers, EM wave interaction features, and design ideas for efficient broadband EM wave absorption were studied. Polymer composite materials have been reviewed for the past 10 years in overseas and domestic(China) articles. To anticipate EM wave transmission, reflection, and therefore absorption, a computer-aided method has also been presented. Estimated results were verified and compared by reviewing process methods and material performance analysis.

Author

W. H. Nishani De Soyza, Alfadil Yousif, Junliang Liu

Cite

W. H. Nishani De Soyza, Alfadil Yousif, Junliang Liu “Polymer Composite Materials for Electromagnetic Waves Absorption” International , Vol. 11, Issue 04, PP. 61-104, April 2024. https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.24.110461104.

References

The Impact of Systematic & Non-Systematic Risk on Stock Returns (Oil & Gas Sector) in Pakistan

Vol. 11, Issue 04, PP. 56-60, April 2024

Published online The Impact of Systematic & Non-Systematic Risk on Stock Returns (Oil & Gas Sector) in Pakistan

ePub PDF

Abstract

The research purpose is to examine the impact of Systematic and non-Systematic risk on stock returns (Oil & Gas Sector) in Pakistan. The research design is based on quantitative and longitudinal research in which Secondary data is used to determine the cause and effect of the Systematic and non-Systematic risk on stock returns (Oil & Gas Sector). There were interest rate risk, inflation risk, liquidity risk and credit risk that considered panel least square methodology to examine top 10 companies (listed in KSE-100 Index) data ranging from 2013-2019 in which only privately owned companies were taken which had the same size of business in nature. With respect to the category of the privately owned scheduled commercial oil and gas industries operating in Pakistan. The findings explained that deposits do not have any significant impact upon Stock Return whereas rest of variables interest rate risk, inflation risk, liquidity risk and credit risk were found significant. Top two systematical private commercial companies in Pakistan (KSE-100 Index) are consider in this study, future research can be carried out on large sample size. Although, to avoid uncertainty OGDCL needs to provide deposit stock return on the bases of risk either systematic or non-systematic. Profitability is significant to stock in this study, so policy makers and senior managers need to have systematic risk management strategies in the operations of the company limited. Company Size has been found significant to stock return in this study, so policy makers and C.E.O need to maintain higher stock return by ensuring and creating customer relationships with depositors and investors to attract more returns in terms of profits.

Author

Rehman Ullah, Rehman Akhtar

Cite

Rehman Ullah, Rehman Akhtar “The Impact of Systematic & Non-Systematic Risk on Stock Returns (Oil & Gas Sector), Vol. 11, Issue 04, PP. 56-60, April 2024. https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.24.11045660.,

References

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Efficient Computation of Correlated Random Ordinates of Multivariate Weibull Distribution

Vol. 11, Issue 01, PP. 01-06, January 2024

Published online Efficient Computation of Correlated Random Ordinates of Multivariate Weibull Distribution

ePub PDF

Abstract

Random numbers are frequently used in engineering, data sciences, cryptography, crypto-currency wallets, gaming, gambling and various other fields. The desired characteristics of random numbers are uniformity of coverage and independence. Pseudo random number generators are used for this purpose, which are rated on the basis of long period between repeats and efficiency of algorithm. In many studies, sequences or arrays of random numbers from distributions of interest are required with the condition that these arrays have a given correlation structure. This includes but is not limited to the study of failure times of engines, landing gears or wings fitted on an airplane. Other areas of applications include Artificial Intelligence, Cryptographic Encryption, Economics, Health Sciences, Agriculture and the like. This study focused on efficient generation of bivariate and multivariate ordinates from Weibull distributions. Analytical as well as empirical approaches were employed and the generated random ordinates were checked for their fitness for use through chi-square goodness of fit test and comparison of the estimated parameter with the given values.

Author

Zeeshan Ahmad, Dr. Rehman Akhtar, Prof. Dr. Salim Ur Rehman

Cite

Zeeshan Ahmad, Dr. Rehman Akhtar, Prof. Dr. Salim Ur Rehman “Efficient Computation of Correlated Random Ordinates of Multivariate, Vol. 11, Issue 01, PP. 01-06, January 2024. https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.23.101193106., , ,