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Energy Efficiency in Pakistan Industrial Sector: An analysis of Key Barriers

Vol. 12, Issue 06, PP. 117-125, June 2025

Published online Energy Efficiency in Pakistan Industrial Sector: An analysis of Key Barriers

ePub PDF

Abstract

The prevalent energy crisis in Pakistan has affected people and systems in every aspect of the life for the past decade, impacting the economic growth the most of all. The main driver of this slump in economic growth has been the inefficient utilization of the energy resources, further exacerbated by the blunders in decision-making and policy formulation in the uppermost echelons of the country. Energy conservation and efficiency is extensively used to cope with energy crisis that the current world is facing as a powerful tool for addressing the global energy situation. There are different methods of energy efficiency management that can bring positive change i.e. reduce cost at different levels if executed correctly such as increasing energy security or by carrying out different measures to reduce carbon emissions to environment etc. Despite the fact that different energy efficiency management systems are gaining attention in the developed countries, their adoption in underdeveloped countries remains limited, particularly in Pakistan. Pakistan is now experiencing energy crisis, which entails a slew of complicated issues, all of which may be rectified by implementing an energy efficiency management system, if applied to the energy-intensive economy. This research was conducted to explore the different barriers to implementing Energy Management System in different industries across Pakistan. This research is relies on data collected through detailed questionnaire from the industries that participated in an incentive program funded by UNIDO for conducting free energy audits. 20 industries participated in the study. Regression and Pearson correlation analysis are used to study how different parameters create barriers to implementing Energy Management System in industries in Pakistan.

Author

Jawad Ahmad, Ahmer Ali, Sheraz Khan

Cite

Jawad Ahmad, Ahmer Ali, Sheraz Khan, “Energy Efficiency in Pakistan Industrial Sector: An analysis of Key Barriers” International J, Vol. 12, Issue 06, PP. 117-125, May 2025. https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.25.1206117125., ,

References

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[4] Ahmed, M.; Riaz, K.; Khan, A.; Bibi, S. Energy consumption–economic growth nexus for Pakistan: Taming the untamed. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2015, 52, 890–896.

[5] Policy Review and Recommendations on the Promotion of Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency; Project Report; United Nations Industrial Development Organization: Islamabad, Pakistan, 2016.

[6] Sabir, U.; Ariwa, E.; Taylor, A. Green technology and energy management systems in developing countries: A case study of Pakistan Textile Industry. In Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Innovative Computing Technology (INTECH 2013), London, UK, 29–31 August 2013; pp. 449–451.

[7] Akhtar, M.; Qamar, A.; Farooq, M.; Amjad, M.; Asim, M. Development of an effective energy management system in power plants of Pakistan. Fac. Eng. Technol. 2016, 23, 77–87

[8] Zeb, K.; Ali, S.; Khan, B.; Mehmood, C.; Tareen, N.; Din, W.; Farid, U.; Haider, A. A survey on waste heat recovery: Electric power generation and potential prospects within Pakistan. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2017, 75, 1142–1155.

[9] IEA. 2014. Capturing the multiple benefits of energy efficiency. Available: http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/Captur_the_MultiplB enef_ofEnergyEficiency.pdf [September 29, 2015].

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Decoupling Aerodynamic and Physical Parameters for Enhanced Flow Control in Rotating Wing Dynamic Stall

Vol. 12, Issue 05, PP. 105-116, May 2025

Published online Decoupling Aerodynamic and Physical Parameters for Enhanced Flow Control in Rotating Wing Dynamic Stall

ePub PDF

Abstract

This work outlines a specific approach to the isolation of aerodynamic and physical factors towards enhancing flow control in the dynamic stall of rotating wings, a concern in rotor craft, wind turbines and UAVs. Employing a combination of CFD and ML, this research work focuses uniquely on aerodynamics of the aircraft by eliminating the impact of physical parameters like angular velocity, pitch rate, and angle of attack from lift, drag, and pressure distribution. This way, the research offers a finer view of the physical processes involved in vortex shedding, boundary layer development, and stall inception, which are critical to predicting and mitigating stall phenomena. The ML component uses data from CFD simulations to control parameters and provide real-time reaction to the aerodynamic changes. The results of this study show that, if these decoupled parameters are adjusted separately, one can control the stall onset and achieve up to 20% delay in lift hysteresis and control the flow stability across a broad range of operating points. This decoupling concept enables the accurate application of adjustment actions like adaptive pitch control and optimized rotation rates to the corresponding aerodynamic and physical conditions. The proposed approach provides a realistic solution for improving energy efficiency and operational reliability in the RWs subjected to high dynamic loads. This work not only contributes to the knowledge of dynamic stall phenomena in rotating wings but also opens the way to develop more robust and effective flow control strategies in aerospace and renewable energy applications.

Author

Faizan Ijaz Wang Bo Qijun Zhao

Cite

Faizan Ijaz, Wang Bo, Zhao Qijun “Decoupling Aerodynamic and Physical Parameters for Enhanced Flow Control in Rotating , Vol. 12, Issue 05, PP. 105-116, May 2025. https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.25.1205105116.,

References

[1] G Baldan and A Guardone. A deep neural network reduced order model for unsteady aerodynamics of pitching airfoils. Aerospace Science and Technology, 152:109345, 2024.

[2] G Baldan, F Manara, G Frassoldati, and A Guardone. The effects of turbulence modeling on dynamic stall, 2024. Available at: http://arxiv.org/abs/2404.14172.

[3] G Bangga, T Lutz, and M Arnold. An improved second-order dynamic stall model for wind turbine airfoils. Wind Energy Science, 5(3):1037–1058, 2020.

[4] P Broadley, MRA Nabawy, MK Quinn, and WJ Crowther. Dynamic experimental rigs for investigation of insect wing aerodynamics. Journal of the Royal Society Interface, 19(191):20210909, 2022.

[5] G. A. Flore and B. R. Noack. Flow control in wings and discovery of novel approaches via deep reinforcement learning. Fluids, 7(2), 2022.

[6] MA Garcia Teran, E Olguin-Diaz, A Flores-Abad, and M Nandayapa. Experimental validation of an aerodynamic sectional modeling approach in fixed-wing unmanned aerial vehicles. IEEE Access, 6:74190–74203, 2018.

[7] A Gardner, A Jones, K Mulleners, J Naughton, and M Smith. Review of rotating wing dynamic stall: Experiments and flow control. Progress in Aerospace Sciences, 137:100887, 2023.

[8] AD Gardner and K Richter. Influence of rotation on dynamic stall. Journal of the American Helicopter Society, 58(3), 2013.

[9] S Ho, H Nassef, N Pornsinsirirak, YC Tai, and CM Ho. Unsteady aerodynamics and flow control for flapping wing flyers. Progress in Aerospace Sciences, 39(8):635–681, 2003.

[10] HR Kim, JA Printezis, JD Ahrens, JR Seume, and L Wein. Characterization of dynamic stall on large wind turbines. pages 1–20, 2024. Available from April.

[11] X Li and L-H Feng. Critical indicators of dynamic stall vortex. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 937:A16, 2022.

[12] Scheuer L. Kopel Y. Basescu M. Polevoy A. Wolfe K. Perrotta, G. and J. Moore. Planning and control for a dynamic morphing-wing uav using a vortex particle model. arXiv preprint, 2023.

[13] V Raghav and N Komerath. Dynamic stall life cycle on a rotating blade in steady forward flight. Journal of the American Helicopter Society, 60(3), 2015.

[14] V Raul and L Leifsson. Multifidelity aerodynamic shape optimization for mitigating dynamic stall using cokriging regression-based infill. Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization, 66(11):237, 2023.

[15] Y Ruan and M Hajek. Numerical investigation of dynamic stall on a single rotating blade. Aerospace, 8:90, 2021.

[16] G. Sedky, A. Othman, and A. Wissa. Feather-inspired flow control: The flow physics of spatially distributed covert flaps. arXiv preprint arXiv:2311.16966, 2023.

[17] M. Sereez and M. Goman. Evaluation of aerodynamic characteristics in oscillatory coning using cfd methods. arXiv preprint, 2022.

[18] M Smith, A Gardner, R Jain, D Peters, and F Richez. Rotating wing dynamic stall: state of the art and future directions. Vertical Flight Society Annual Forum, 2020.

[19] M. J. Smith and F. Richez. Rotating wing dynamic stall: State of the art and future directions. HAL preprint, 2021.

[20] SMJ et al. Rotating wing dynamic stall: state of the art and future directions, 2021. HAL Id: hal-03106952.

[21] DA Sterpu, D Mariuta, and LT Grigorie. A udf-based approach for the dynamic stall evaluation of airfoils for micro-air vehicles. Biomimetics, 9(6), 2024.

[22] D. Traphan, Melius M. Peinke J. Gülker G. Wester, T. T. B., and R. B. Cal. Dynamic stall of an airfoil under tailored three-dimensional inflow conditions. arXiv preprint arXiv:2003.07840, 2020.

[23] Q Wang and Q Zhao. Numerical study on dynamic-stall characteristics of finite wing and rotor. Applied Sciences, 9(3), 2019.

[24] T Wong. Advanced airfoil. In Special Conference on Aeromechanics, 2010.

[25] G Wu, S Deng, and Q Li. Influence of area distribution along the span direction on flapping wing aerodynamics in hover based on numerical modeling analysis. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, 17:6683–6692, 2024

Future Prospect & Challenges on Cu/Ni Metallization Techniques in Photovoltaic Cells

Vol. 12, Issue 05, PP. 91-104, May 2025

Published online Future Prospect & Challenges on Cu/Ni Metallization Techniques in Photovoltaic Cells

ePub PDF

Abstract

A key component of achieving higher efficiency is improving the process of metalizing silicon solar cells. Due to its simplicity and speed, contact realization by screen printing is now the most popular technology in the silicon-based photovoltaic sector. The issue with this type of metallization is that it has a higher contact resistance and a smaller aspect ratio, which restricts the efficiency of solar cells. Silicon solar cell producers are encouraged to develop new metallization techniques that use less silver and do not rely on the pressing process of screen printing due to the rising cost of silver pastes and decreasing silicon wafer thicknesses. Recently, a metallization technique that might address these problems is nickel/copper (Ni/Cu) based metal plating. In this review, we will describe the progress of electroplating techniques, mainly for the deposition of nickel/copper by laser deposition for nickel and the light-induced copper plating process. The metallization of the front-side silicon solar cells using a copper stack system is integral to achieving superior efficiency. The formation of a Ni seed layer by applying laser-assisted deposition has the advantage of using a single step for opening the ARC and the seed layer formation. Cu conducting layer using a light-induced plating (LIP) as the primary stack system, after applying a nickel seed layer to stop copper from diffusing into silicon, we also check tin as a top layer stack to protect it from oxidation. Moreover, we finally addressed the future advanced challenges and the issue of copper diffusion, background plating, and cost reductions.

Author

M. Tukur Ahmed, He Longbing, Shaikh Sabieh

Cite

M. Tukur Ahmed, He Longbing, Shaikh Sabieh “Future Prospect & Challenges on Cu/Ni Metallization Techniques in Photovoltaic Cel, Vol. 12, Issue 05, PP. 91-104, May 2025. https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.25.120591104.,

References

N. Balaji, M. C. Raval, and S. Saravanan, “Review on Metallization in Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells,” in Solar Cells, IntechOpen, 2020. doi: 10.5772/intechopen.84820.

[2] M. T. Zarmai, N. N. Ekere, C. F. Oduoza, and E. H. Amalu, “A review of interconnection technologies for improved crystalline silicon solar cell photovoltaic module assembly,” Appl Energy, vol. 154, pp. 173–182, Sep. 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.04.120.

[3] D. Adachi, J. L. Hernández, and K. Yamamoto, “Impact of carrier recombination on fill factor for large area heterojunction crystalline silicon solar cell with 25.1% efficiency,” Appl Phys Lett, vol. 107, no. 23, Dec. 2015, doi: 10.1063/1.4937224.

[4] J. Cho et al., “Thermal stability improvement of metal oxide-based contacts for silicon heterojunction solar cells,” Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, vol. 206, p. 110324, Mar. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.solmat.2019.110324.

[5] J. Yu et al., “Copper metallization of electrodes for silicon heterojunction solar cells: Process, reliability and challenges,” Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, vol. 224, p. 110993, Jun. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.solmat.2021.110993.

[6] G. S. Seck, E. Hache, C. Bonnet, M. Simoën, and S. Carcanague, “Copper at the crossroads: Assessment of the interactions between low-carbon energy transition and supply limitations,” Resour Conserv Recycl, vol. 163, p. 105072, Dec. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.105072.

[7] A. Rehman and S. Lee, “Review of the Potential of the Ni/Cu Plating Technique for Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells,” Materials, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 1318–1341, Feb. 2014, doi: 10.3390/ma7021318.

[8] J. Sudagar, J. Lian, and W. Sha, “Electroless nickel, alloy, composite and nano coatings – A critical review,” J Alloys Compd, vol. 571, pp. 183–204, Sep. 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2013.03.107.

[9] A. ur Rahman and S. H. Lee, “Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells with Nickel/Copper Contacts,” in Solar Cells - New Approaches and Reviews, InTech, 2015. doi: 10.5772/59008.

[10] J. Bartsch, V. Radtke, C. Schetter, and S. W. Glunz, “Electrochemical methods to analyse the light-induced plating process,” J Appl Electrochem, vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 757–765, Apr. 2010, doi: 10.1007/s10800-009-0054-5.

Silver-Coated Copper Paste: Properties, Preparation Techniques, and Applications in Solar Cells and Semiconductor Devices

Vol. 12, Issue 05, PP. 81-90, May 2025

Published online Silver-Coated Copper Paste: Properties, Preparation Techniques, and Applications in Solar Cells and Semiconductor Devices

ePub PDF

Abstract

A new material that has been developed as a potential substitute for current applications such as solar cell and semiconductor application is silver coated copper paste because of its high conductivity and relatively low cost. This paper will also consider main preparation techniques and characteristics of such composition as silver-coated copper paste and main fields of its application. The paste is a hybrid one and incorporates a layer of silver because while copper’s main benefit, conductivity, is extraordinary its drawback, corrosion, is a problem. Both electroplate and chemical reduction techniques are evaluated in terms of scalability and coating smoothness. Issues related to coating uniformity, sintering optimization, and the cost of production are cited as major limitations to the industrial application scale. It can be seen that the controlled microstructure, crystal structure and particle distribution in the product are critical in obtaining a high and stable performance at high operating temperatures in service. Potential uses in photovoltaic and semiconductor products are presented; it is shown that the introduced silver-coated copper paste has comparable electrical properties to conventional silver paste but requires considerably less money to purchase. To this end, the paper suggests improving the methods of applying the coating, optimizing the sintering process, and improving the ways to support environmentally friendly practices in the implementation of the technology.

Author

Shaikh Sabieh, Longbing He, Aurangzaib Muhammad

Cite

Shaikh Sabieh, Longbing He, Aurangzaib Muhammad “Silver-Coated Copper Paste: Properties, Preparation Techniques, and Applications in Solar Cells and Semiconductor Devices” International Journal of Engineering Works, Vol. 12, Issue 05, PP. 81-90, May 2025. https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.25.12058190.

References

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Impact of Artificial Intelligence on the Job Market and the Future of Work

Vol. 12, Issue 05, PP. 73-80, May 2025

Published online Impact of Artificial Intelligence on the Job Market and the Future of Work

ePub PDF

Abstract

The rapid development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming the global job market, with varied impacts across different countries. This paper presents a comparative analysis of AIs influence on employment in the United States, China, and India, focusing on key factors such as job displacement, job creation, skills transformation, and workforce adaptability. A scoring system was used to assess each country’s progress in integrating AI technologies, with the United States showing strong AI adoption and workforce adaptability but facing significant job displacement risks. China has made remarkable strides in government-driven AI initiatives but faces challenges in workforce adaptability and job quality. India, while experiencing slower AI integration, is leveraging its tech sector to create new jobs, though it needs to address workforce reskilling. The study concludes that the future of work will depend not only on technological advancements but also on deliberate actions by governments, businesses, and educational institutions to ensure fair and inclusive outcomes. The findings highlight the need for comprehensive policies to address ethical concerns, upskill workers, and manage the socio-economic implications of AI, aiming for a balanced and prosperous future in the AI-driven economy.

Author

Muhammad Danish Ali, Muhammad Fahad Ali, Maham Mujahid

Cite

Muhammad Danish Ali, Muhammad Fahad Ali, Maham Mujahid “Impact of Artificial Intelligence on the Job Market and the Future of Work” Inte, Vol. 12, Issue 05, PP. 73-80, May 2025. https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.25.12057380.,

References

Acemoglu, D., & Restrepo, P. (2019). Automation and new tasks: How technology displaces and reinstates labor. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 33(2), 3–30.
Autor, D. H., Mindell, D. A., & Reynolds, E. B. (2020). The work of the future: Building better jobs in an age of intelligent machines. MIT Work of the Future.
Bessen, J. E. (2019). AI and jobs: The role of demand. NBER Working Paper No. 24235. National Bureau of Economic Research.
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Brynjolfsson, E., Rock, D., & Syverson, C. (2020). The productivity J-curve: How intangibles complement general purpose technologies. American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, 12(1), 333–372.
Chui, M., Manyika, J., & Miremadi, M. (2018). What AI means for jobs. McKinsey Quarterly, 3, 6–16.
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Li-Ion Battery Capacity and State-of-Health Prediction through Novel Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks (KANs)

Vol. 12, Issue 05, PP. 66-72, May 2025

Published online Li-Ion Battery Capacity and State-of-Health Prediction through Novel Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks (KANs)

ePub PDF

Abstract

Based on the pressing need for fast, reliable estimates of capacity and State‑of‑Health (SOH) in electric‑vehicle lithium‑ion batteries, this study set out to test whether Kolmogorov‑Arnold Networks (KANs) can outperform the multilayer perceptron (MLP) models that dominate current battery‑management research. Through the NASA AMES PCoE dataset—which tracks four cells (B0005, B0006, B0007 and B0018) from initial charge to end‑of‑life—we trained shallow and deep KAN architectures alongside depth‑matched MLP baselines. Each model received 24 historic cycles and was asked to forecast the future 10 cycles. KANs performance was gauged with mean‑absolute error (MAE) and root‑mean‑square error (RMSE). The experiments show a consistent edge for KANs. On battery B0005, the deep KAN cut capacity‑forecast MAE to 0.014 and RMSE to 0.015, versus 0.023 and 0.030 for the deep MLP. Across all four cells, the deep KAN lowered capacity MAE by an average of 36 % and SOH RMSE by 30%. Shallow KANs also surpassed their MLP counterparts, though by smaller margins, confirming that the spline-based adaptive links inherent to KANs not merely by increasing depth but also in driving the improvement. Combined, these results demonstrate that KANs deliver more accurate, more data‑efficient and easier‑to‑interpret forecasts than conventional MLPs. The specific gains—up to 0.009 absolute MAE and 0.015 absolute RMSE on individual batteries—suggest that replacing MLP blocks with KANs can immediately enhance real‑time battery‑management systems without inflating model size or computational cost.

Author

Muhammad Shahid, Xia Chengjun, Liu Yicheng

Cite

Muhammad Shahid, Xia Chengjun, Liu Yicheng “Li-Ion Battery Capacity and State-of-Health Prediction through Novel Kolmogorov-Ar, Vol. 12, Issue 05, PP. 66-72, May 2025. https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.25.12056672., , ,

References

[1] M. Muratori et al., “The rise of electric vehicles—2020 status and future expectations,” Prog. Energy, vol. 3, no. 2, p. 22002, 2021.

[2] E. Fan et al., “Sustainable recycling technology for Li-ion batteries and beyond: challenges and future prospects,” Chem. Rev., vol. 120, no. 14, pp. 7020–7063, 2020.

[3] P. H. Camargos, P. H. J. dos Santos, I. R. dos Santos, G. S. Ribeiro, and R. E. Caetano, “Perspectives on Li‐ion battery categories for electric vehicle applications: a review of state of the art,” Int. J. Energy Res., vol. 46, no. 13, pp. 19258–19268, 2022.

[4] J. Urquizo and P. Singh, “A review of health estimation methods for Lithium-ion batteries in Electric Vehicles and their relevance for Battery Energy Storage Systems,” J. Energy Storage, vol. 73, p. 109194, 2023.

[5] S. BS, S. Hampannavar, and B. Bairwa, “Applications of battery management system (bms) in sustainable transportation: A comprehensive approach from battery modeling to battery integration to the power grid,” World Electr. Veh. J., vol. 13, no. 5, p. 80, 2022.

[6] S. Shen, B. Liu, K. Zhang, and S. Ci, “Toward fast and accurate SOH prediction for lithium-ion batteries,” IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 2036–2046, 2021.

[7] J. Li, K. Adewuyi, and others, “A single particle model with chemical/mechanical degradation physics for lithium-ion battery State of Health (SOH) estimation,” Appl. Energy, 2018.

[8] O. Demirci, S. Taskin, E. Schaltz, and B. A. Demirci, “Review of battery state estimation methods for electric vehicles-Part II: SOH estimation,” J. Energy Storage, vol. 96, p. 112703, 2024

Transformational Impact of Strategic Human Resource Management: A Case of Less Represented Groups in the Fixed Line Telecom Sector

Vol. 12, Issue 05, PP. 52-65, May 2025

Published online Transformational Impact of Strategic Human Resource Management: A Case of Less Represented Groups in the Fixed Line Telecom Sector

PDF

Abstract

Considering the business challenges faced by fixed-line telecommunication operators due to competition with cellular mobile operators, it has become a potential threat for these operators to survive in the telecommunication industry. Due to a decrease in the fixed-line customers, these operators strive to implement the best strategies of Sustained Competitive Advantage to remain competitive in the telecommunications industry. To handle these challenges, these operators need to implement specific business strategies with an effective role of Knowledge sharing and Strategic Human Resource Management. This study aims to investigate the linkage of Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) and Knowledge Sharing (KS) on Sustained Competitive Advantage (SCA), considering the less represented groups in the fixed-line telecommunication sector under the theoretical lens of resource-based theory. After collecting the data from the fixed-line telecommunications, a Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was conducted using SPSS to test the reliability and validity of adapted instruments and hypotheses testing using PLS-SEM. The results of hypotheses testing indicated that the indirect and direct relationships between SHRM and KS with SCA were significant. Hence, the proposed research model applies to different service and production industries in other countries with cross-cultural environments for researchers and practitioners.

Author

Hina Basharat, Muhammad Khurram Ali

Cite

Hina Basharat, Muhammad Khurram Ali “Transformational Impact of Strategic Human Resource Management: A Case of Less Represented Groups in the Fixed Line Telecom Sector” International Journal of Engineering Works, Vol. 12, Issue 05, PP. 52-65, May 2025. https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.25.12055265

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J. F. H. G. T. M. R. C. M. Hair, M. Sarstedt and K. O. Thiele, "Mirror, mirror on the wall: a comparative evaluation of composite-based structural equation modeling methods," Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, vol. 45, pp. 616-632, 2017.

Comparative Analysis of Classical and Intelligent Control Techniques for the Inverted Pendulum System: Design, Simulation, and Performance Evaluation

Vol. 12, Issue 04, PP. 40-51, April 25

Published online Comparative Analysis of Classical and Intelligent Control Techniques for the Inverted Pendulum System: Design, Simulation, and Performance Evaluation

ePub PDF

Abstract

The inverted pendulum, a classic problem in control theory, is widely used for analyzing nonlinear systems and potential energy applications. This study investigates various controller techniques classical and intelligent applied to the inverted pendulum system, providing a comprehensive review of their design, performance, and limitations through simulations and graphical analysis. Key control strategies, including PID, Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR), Neural Networks (NN), and Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC), are implemented and evaluated for system stability, response time, and robustness under structural uncertainties and external disturbances. Simulation results reveal that classical controllers, particularly the PID and LQR, demonstrate superior performance in terms of settling time, overshoot, and steady-state error under linearized system assumptions. However, these conventional techniques struggle to handle nonlinearities and uncertainties effectively. To address these limitations, robust controllers such as the LQR are employed, minimizing actuator effort and optimizing cost functions. In contrast, intelligent controllers, including NN and FLC, exhibit adaptive capabilities, are enabling them to handle complex, nonlinear dynamics with greater accuracy and reliability. NN and FLC outperform classical controllers in terms of faster response times, improved stability, and reduced computational cost. This study underscores the advantages of NN and FLC in achieving enhanced system performance while maintaining stability and trajectory tracking for both cart position and pendulum angle. MATLAB/Simulink simulations validate the efficacy of each control strategy and highlight the potential of intelligent control techniques in addressing challenges associated with nonlinear systems and robotics technology. The findings provide critical insights into the design and application of control strategies for inverted pendulum systems, with implications for advancing feedback control in robotic systems.

Author

Jawad Khan, Ma Gang, Shah Muhammad Adnan

Cite

Jawad Khan, Ma Gang, Shah Muhammad Adnan “Comparative Analysis of Classical and Intelligent Control Techniques for the, Simulation, and Performance Evaluation” International Journal of Engineering Works, Vol. 12, Issue 04, PP. 40-51, April 25. https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.25.12044051.,

References

Xu, C. and X. Yu, Mathematical modeling of elastic inverted pendulum control system. Journal of Control Theory and Applications, 2004. 2: p. 281-282.

2. Xiao, B., C. Xu, and L. Xu, System Model and Controller Design of an Inverted Pendulum. Intelligent Information Systems, IASTED International Conference on, 2009. 0: p. 356-359.

3. Hu, H., S. Yu, and H. Trinh, A Review of Uncertainties in Power Systems - Modelling, Impact, and Mitigation. 2023.

4. Wang, J.-J., Simulation studies of inverted pendulum based on PID controllers. Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory, 2011. 19: p. 440-449.

5. Debnath, L., Nonlinear partial differential equations for scientists and engineers: Second edition. Nonlinear Partial Differential Equations for Scientists and Engineers: Second Edition, 2005: p. 1-737.

6. Muskinja, N. and B. Tovornik, Swinging up and stabilization of a real inverted pendulum. Industrial Electronics, IEEE Transactions on, 2006. 53: p. 631-639.

7. Nersesov, S. and W. Haddad, On the Stability and Control of Nonlinear Dynamical Systems via Vector Lyapunov Functions. Automatic Control, IEEE Transactions on, 2006. 51: p. 203-215.

8. Nasir, A., Modeling and controller design for an inverted pendulum system. 2007.

9. Prasad, L., B. Tyagi, and H. Gupta, Optimal Control of Nonlinear Inverted Pendulum System Using PID Controller and LQR: Performance Analysis Without and With Disturbance Input. International Journal of Automation and Computing, 2014. 11: p. 661-670.

10. Lewis, J. and J. Sauro, USABILITY AND USER EXPERIENCE: DESIGN AND EVALUATION. 2021. p. 972-1015.

Analytical Analysis of Fractional Order Swift-Hohenberg Equations

Vol. 12, Issue 03, PP. 31-39, March 25

Published online Analytical Analysis of Fractional Order Swift-Hohenberg Equations

ePub PDF

Abstract

This study utilizes the New Approximate Analytical Method (NAAM) to solve fractional order Swift-Hohenberg (S-H) equations, which model complex systems with memory and hereditary effects. By deriving approximate analytical solutions for both linear and nonlinear cases, NAAM simplifies the analytical analysis of these equations, particularly those involving fractional derivatives. A comparative evaluation with other traditional analytical and numerical methods highlights the NAAM’s effectiveness and accuracy, advancing the understanding of fractional systems and providing improved tools for addressing complex mathematical models.

Author

Aslam Zeb, Umar Farooq, Iqra Iqbal, Ghani Irfan

Cite

Aslam Zeb, Umar Farooq, Iqra Iqbal, Ghani Irfan “Analytical Analysis of Fractional Order Swift-Hohenberg Equations” International , Vol. 12, Issue 03, PP. 31-39, March 2025. https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.25.12033139., ,

References

[1] Zheng, B., 2023. Ordinary Differential Equation and Its Application. Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology, 72, pp.645-651.

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[4] Rößler, A., 2010. Runge–Kutta methods for the strong approximation of solutions of stochastic differential equations. SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis, 48(3), pp.922-952.

[5] De Castro, A.B., Gómez, D. and Salgado, P., 2014. Mathematical models and numerical simulation in electromagnetism (Vol. 74). Springer.

[6] BUBAKAR, S.S., IBRAHIM, M. and ABUBAKAR, N., 2019. A STUDY ON SOME APPLICATIONS OF PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS IN HEAT TRANSFER. Journal of Applied Physical Science International, 11(3), pp.88-94.

[7] Farooq, U., Khan, H., Tchier, F., Hincal, E., Baleanu, D., & Bin Jebreen, H. (2021). New approximate analytical technique for the solution of time fractional fluid flow models. Advances in Difference Equations, 2021(1), 1-20.

[8] Nonlaopon, K., Alsharif, A. M., Zidan, A. M., Khan, A., Hamed, Y. S., & Shah, R. (2021). Numerical investigation of fractional-order Swift–Hohenberg equations via a Novel transform. Symmetry, 13(7), 12-63.

[9] Shah, R., Farooq, U., Khan, H., Baleanu, D., Kumam, P. and Arif, M., 2020. Fractional view analysis of third order Kortewege-De Vries equations, using a new analytical technique. Frontiers in Physics, 7, p.244.

[10] Singh, B.K. and Kumar, P., 2018. FRDTM for numerical simulation of multi-dimensional, time-fractional model of Navier–Stokes equation. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 9(4), pp.827-834

Hydrological Modeling of Pashin-Lora Basin Balochistan, and Evaluation of Internally Generated Water Potential of it’s Built Check Dams

Droughts and Floods; Land use and land cover (LULC); Micro-watershed; Rainfall-runoff; Small dams; Water resources management

Published online Hydrological Modeling of Pashin-Lora Basin Balochistan, and Evaluation of Internally Generated Water Potential of it’s Built Check Dams

ePub PDF

Abstract

In recent years, Balochistan, Pakistan largest province, has experienced droughts and floods, resulting in substantial infrastructural damage and loss of life. This study used geospatial and hydrological modeling to analyze the domestically produced water potential of the province most water-scarce Pishin Lora Basin (PLB). The basin hydrological characteristics were retrieved from the Digital Elevation Model (DEM), Landsat-8 images, and the Food Agriculture Organization (FAO) soil databases. Rainfall data from the Quetta and Kalat stations were collected for the years 1990 to 2021 and used to simulate runoff in HEC-HMS software. Peak discharges for the wet and dry years were 5102.2 and 1095.8 cumecs, respectively, with annual runoff volumes of 5.82 and 1.25 billion cubic meters (BCM). The water potential during wet years can address water shortage issues if managed well and it will also help to develop appropriate strategic options during dry years to minimize the drought impacts in the region through watershed management. This study has further identified micro-watersheds of the constructed small/check dams for their annual runoff potential. Runoff volumes in wet years often exceeded their damazs holding capacities. That implied that small dams and other development schemes are not designed to incorporate seasonal variations. This notion was further confirmed when flood water topped over these dams during high runoff periods of the recent 2022 rainfalls. This study emphasizes proper planning of water resource development schemes. It highlights the repercussions of inadequately planned interventions. If the safety and sustainability of these structures throughout their design lives are to be warranted, they must be evaluated scientifically and modified accordingly.

Author

Rabia Liaqat, Shah Dad Murad, Muhammad Siddique, Arjumand Zaidi, Abdul Latif Qureshi

Cite

Rabia Liaqat, Shah Dad Murad, Muhammad Siddique, Arjumand Zaidi, Abdul Latif Qureshi “Hydrological Modeling of Pashin-Lora Basin Balochistan, and Evaluation of Internally Generated Water Potential of it’s Built Check Dams” International Journal of Engineering Works, Vol. 12, Issue 02, PP. 21-30, February 2025. https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.25.12022130.

References

[1] M. M. Akhtar, A. D. Mohammad, M. Ehsan, R. Akhtar, J. Ur Rehman, and Z. Manzoor, ‘Water resources of Balochistan, Pakistan—a review’, Arab J Geosci, vol. 14, no. 4, p. 289, Feb. 2021, doi: 10.1007/s12517-021-06502-y.

[2] G. H. Dars, M. R. Najafi, and A. L. Qureshi, ‘Assessing the Impacts of Climate Change on Future Precipitation Trends Based on Downscaled CMIP5 Simulations Data’, Mehran Univ. res. j. eng. technol., vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 385–394, Apr. 2017, doi: 10.22581/muet1982.1702.16.

[3] Naz, Dars, Ansari, Jamro, and Krakauer, ‘Drought Trends in Balochistan’, Water, vol. 12, no. 2, p. 470, Feb. 2020, doi: 10.3390/w12020470.

[4] H. Sarfraz, ‘Balochistan Conservation Strategy: An Overview’, 2000, doi: 10.13140/2.1.2624.0328.

[5] W. Ahmed et al., ‘Improving Groundwater Management to Enhance Agriculture and Farming Livelihoods in Pakistan’, vol. 1, 2021.

[6] Z. Majeed and A. Khan, ‘Dam failures due to flash floods and it’s review for Mirani Dam project’, Water and Power Development Authority, Balochistan, pp. 1–10, 2008.

[7] Khattak, A. H, ‘Rapid Need Assessment flood emergency- Balochistan & KP Islamic Relief Pakistan’, 2022.

[8] Z. Sagintayev et al., ‘A remote sensing contribution to hydrologic modelling in arid and inaccessible watersheds, Pishin Lora basin, Pakistan’, Hydrological Processes, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 85–99, Jan. 2012, doi: 10.1002/hyp.8114.

[9] A. A. Mahessar, A. L. Qureshi, B. Sadiqui, S. M. Kori, K. C. Mukwana, and K. Q. Leghari, ‘Rainfall Analysis for Hyderabad and Nawabshah, Sindh, Pakistan’, Eng. Technol. Appl. Sci. Res., vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 6597–6602, Dec. 2020, doi: 10.48084/etasr.3923.

[10] M. A. Choudhary, A. S. Lodhi, M. Ahmad, and M. Ahmed, ‘A comparative study of cost of production and decision making analysis in case of onion and sunflower crops in Quetta district’, Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 469–478, 2008.

Assessing Impact of Grants on Clean Energy Research and Innovation:Case study of center for advanced studies

Vol. 12, Issue 02, PP. 12-20, February 2025

Published online Assessing Impact of Grants on Clean Energy Research and Innovation:Case study of center for advanced studies

ePub PDF

Abstract

In today’s global world, education is not only major driver of socio-economic development but also highly linked international arena. Therefore, both developed world and international aid agencies are interested in educational development in developing economies. The story of Pakistan educational sector is no more different. Since its inception, Pakistan remain host to international aid agencies both as in-country projects and traveling reforms. US Pak partnerships in the area of higher education with thematic focus on green energy has a long history. It is important to assess the impact to evaluate the effectiveness of donor grants in indigenous energy crises solution. This research is aimed at assessing USPCASE Project at UET Peshawar against its strategic objectives and impact. Data about project has been collected using primary and secondary data collection methods. Primary data collected from all stakeholders including Students, faculty, administration, management, university leadership, ASU staff and faculty, government organization and industry through online surveys, individual and group interviews. Data collected has been analyzed through rigorous quantitative and qualitative techniques. Statistical techniques of perceptions on key research objectives have been carried followed by content analysis for finding lines of evidences. Various statistical test like (Pi test, Chi Test) have been conducted to find significance of analysis and data. USPCAS-E has not only excelled in education but also on the forefront of research activities for government and non-government Organization. Provide revised curricula as well as financial management, governance, teaching, and other reforms necessary to make university education and research more relevant to the needs of industry and government. It has been explored that the USAID support to energy center has been properly utilized and has significantly impacted the energy sector in general and energy higher education in particular. The results also inform that keeping the center at same level of performance will be a challenging task and thus proper sustainability measures may be taken by university leadership.

Author

Uzair Ahmed Khan, Najib Ullah Khan Marwat

Cite

Uzair Ahmed Khan, Dr. Najib Ullah Khan Marwat “Assessing Impact of Grants on Clean Energy Research and Innovation: Case study of Center for Advanced Studies” International Journal of Engineering Works, Vol. 12, Issue 02, PP. 12-20, February 2025. https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.25.12021220.

References

[1] Alvesson, M. and Sk€oldberg, K. (2017), Reflexive Methodology: New Vistas for Qualitative Research, 3rded., SAGE Publications, London

[2] .Amabile, T.M., Conti, R., Coon, H., Lazenby, J. and Herron, M. (1996), “Assessing the workenvironment for creativity”,Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 39 No. 5, pp. 1154-1184.Andersen,

[3] E.S. and Vaagaasar, A.L. (2009), “Project management improvement efforts - creatingproject management value by uniqueness or mainstream thinking?”,Project ManagementJournal, Vol. 40 No. 1, pp. 19-27.Ankrah, S. and Al-Tabbaa, O. (2015), “Universities–industry collaboration: a systematic review”,Scandinavian Journal of Management, Vol. 31 No. 3, pp. 387-408

[4] He, X.; Khan, S.; Ozturk, I.; Murshed, M. The role of renewable energy investment in tackling climate change concerns: Environmental policies for achieving SDG-13. Sustain. Dev. 2023, 31, 1888–1901

[5] Andrabi, T., Das, J., Khwaja, A., 2009. Report Cards: The Impact of Providing School and Child Test Scores on Educational Markets. World Bank, Washington, DC Unpublished manuscript.

[6] Barrera-Osorio, F., Bertrand, M., Linden, L.L., Perez-Calle, F., 2008. Conditional cash transfers in education: Design features peer and sibling effects evidence from a randomized experiment in Colombia NBER Working Paper No. 13890.

[7] Birchler, K., Michaelowa, K., 2016. Making aid work for education in developing countries: an analysis of aid effectiveness for primary education coverage and quality. Int. J. Educ. Dev. 48, 37–52.

[8] Boak, E., Ndaruhutse, S., 2011. The Impact of Sector-Wide Approaches: Where from Where Now and Where To? CfBT Education Trust, Reading.

[9] Booth, D., 2011. Aid, institutions and governance: what have we learned? Dev. Policy Rev. 29 (Suppl. s1), s5–s26.

[10] European Commission, 2006. Institutional Assessment and Capacity Development: Why, what and how? In: Aid Delivery Methods Concept PaperEuropeAid, Brussels. European Commission, 4 February 2010. More and better education in developing countries. In: Commission Staff Working Document SEC(2010)121 FinalEuropean Commission,

[11] Brussels. Ferreira, F.H.G., Filmer, D., Schady, N., 2009. Own and sibling effects of conditional cash transfer programs: theory and evidence from Cambodia. In: Policy Research Working PaperWorld Bank, Washington, DC.

[12] Fiszbein, A., Schady, N., 2009. Conditional Cash Transfers Reducing Present and Future Poverty. World Bank, Washington, DC. FTI, October 2009. A Fast Track to 2015: Educating the World’s Children for a Better Future. FTI

[13] Morris, C., & Fry, H. (2006). Enhancing Educational Research and Development Activity through Small Grant Schemes: A case study. International Journal for Academic Development, 11(1), 43–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/1360144060057900

Study on Indoor Air Quality Measurement of Educational Buildings in Pakistan

Vol. 12, Issue 01, PP. 01-11, January 25

Published online Study on Indoor Air Quality Measurement of Educational Buildings in Pakistan

ePub PDF

Abstract

The current technological era has provided humanity with unprecedented luxuries and opportunities for exploration, both on Earth and in space. However, this progress has also introduced significant environmental threats. Recent global awareness has heightened concern for environmental protection, with governments focusing on pollutants that cause catastrophic events like flash floods. Scientists are now identifying and analyzing specific pollutants to mitigate their impact and propose eco-friendly alternatives. This study focuses on the indoor air quality (IAQ) of an educational building at UET Peshawar (USPCAS-E). Sensors and particle monitors were placed in 19 rooms to measure temperature, humidity, air flow, and particulate matter (sizes 0.5 µm to 10 µm). Data was recorded at three different times and averaged for accuracy. The aim is to identify indoor air pollution sources and their adverse effects on health, contributing to better IAQ management strategies.

Author

Yasir Atlas Khan, Dr. Adnan Daud

Cite

Yasir Atlas Khan, Dr. Adnan Daud “Study on Indoor Air Quality Measurements of Educational Buildlings in Pakistan, Vol. 12, Issue 01, PP. 01-11, January 2025. https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.25.12010111.

References

World Health Organization, ”Global Burden of Disease Estimates 2002,” Available: Accessed: Jun. 30, 2024.
World Energy Estimates, (2017). Available: .iea.or 2017. Accessed: Jun. 30, 2024.
Asian Development Bank, Clean Air Initiative for Asian Cities (CAI ASIA) & Pakistan Clean Air Network, ”Pakistan Country Synthesis Report on Urban Air Quality Management,” 2006.
U.S. Department of Commerce, International Trade Administration, ”Pakistan - Renew- able Energy.” Available: https:/w energy. Accessed: Oct. 25, 2023.
J. Saini, M. Dutta, and G. Marques, ”A comprehensive review on indoor air quality monitoring systems for enhanced public health,” Sustainable Environment Research, vol. 30, no. 6, 2020. Available: https://doi.org/10.1186/s42834-020-0047-y.
J. Saini, M. Dutta, and G. Marques, ”Indoor Air Quality Monitoring Systems Based on Internet of Things: A Systematic Review,” International Journal of Environment Research and Public Health, ISSN: 1660-4601, 2020.
I. Colbeck, Z. A. Nasir, and A. Ali, ”The state of indoor air quality in Pakistan – review,” Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Feb. 2010. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-010-0293-3.
B. Sivasankari, C. A. Prabha, S. Dharini, and R. Haripriya, ”IoT based indoor air pollution monitoring using raspberry pi,” Int J Innov Eng Tech, 2017, pp. 16-21.
P. Arroyo, J. L. Herrero, J. I. Suarez, and J. Lozano, ”Wireless sensor network combined with cloud computing for air quality monitoring,” Sensors Basel, 2019, pp. 691.
O. Seppanen and W. J. Fisk, ”Association of ventilation system type with SBS symptoms in office workers,” Indoor Air, 2002, pp. 98-112.