International Journal of Engineering Works

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Detetion and Prevention of Irrelevent Data Through Data Cleansing

Published online https://doi.org/

Abstract

A file oriented unstructured data collected and transformed into the data warehouse .Two or more records identified separately actually represent same real world entity, detection and prevention to improve data quality. The proposed technique introduces smart tokens of most representative attributes by sorting those tokens identical records are bring into close neighborhood, record duplicates are identified and removed from the data. Clean consistent and non duplicated data loaded into warehouse. The technique is a mile stone for cleaning data as with the explosive amount of data recording it is the need of time that more corrected data to be provided to the data mangers for effective decisions making.

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Current Issue - 2025

Brain Tumor Segmentation via Efficient Thresholding and Binary K-Means Integration

Vol. 12, Issue 09, PP. 175-182, September 2025

Published online https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17054880

ePub PDF

Abstract

In medical image segmentation, the identification, characterization, and visualization of a tumor’s dimension and region are considered to be very crucial, tedious, and time-consuming tasks. In spite of intensive research, segmentation is still one of the most challenging problems in the medical field due to the variety of image content. In this paper, we propose a new hybrid method for detecting and segmenting tumors in T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain scans. The approach begins with an efficient thresholding technique, followed by conventional morphological filtering, and then applies the binary K-means clustering algorithm. Experimental results and performance metrics demonstrate that the proposed method effectively identifies and segments tumors in MRI brain scans with significant accuracy.

Author

Muhammad Saad

Cite

Muhammad Saad “Brain Tumor Segmentation via Efficient Thresholding and Binary K-Means Integration” International Journal of Engineering Works, Vol. 12, Issue 09, PP. 175-182, September 2025. https:// doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17054880

References

Y. Tan, GPU-based Parallel Implementation of Swarm Intelligence Algorithms. Morgan Kaufmann, 2016.
E. Abdel-Maksoud, M. Elmogy, and R. Al-Awadi, "Brain tumor segmentation based on a hybrid clustering technique," Egyptian Informatics Journal, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 71–81, 2015.
National Cancer Institute, "Tumor definition," [Online]. Available: https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/tumor. [Accessed: Aug. 2025].
M. A. Haidekker, Medical Imaging Technology. Springer, 2013.
A. Mehndiratta and F. L. Giesel, Brain Tumor Imaging, Diagnostic Techniques and Surgical Management of Brain Tumors. InTech Publishers, 2011, ISBN: 978-953-307-589-1.
J. Kuruvilla, A. Sankar, and D. Sukumaran, "A study on image analysis of myristica fragrans for automatic harvesting," IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering, vol. 11, pp. 50–55, 2016.
M.-N. Wu, C.-C. Lin, and C.-C. Chang, "Brain tumor detection using color-based k-means clustering segmentation," in Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Intelligent Information Hiding and Multimedia Signal Processing (IIH-MSP 2007), vol. 2, pp. 245–250, IEEE, 2007.
V. S. Dessai, M. P. Arakeri, and G. R. M. Reddy, "A parallel segmentation of brain tumor from magnetic resonance images," in Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Computing, Communication and Networking Technologies (ICCCNT 2012), pp. 1–6, IEEE, 2012.
J. Subhashini and J. Vijay, "An efficient brain tumor detection methodology using k-means clustering algorithm," in Proceedings of the International Conference on Communication and Signal Processing, 2013.
K. Sinha and G. R. Sinha, "Efficient segmentation methods for tumor detection in MRI images," in Proceedings of the IEEE Students’ Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Science, pp. 1–6, IEEE, 2014.

An Intelligent Model for Detection of Breast Cancer based on Convolutional Neural Network

Vol. 12, Issue 08, PP. 170-174, August 2025

Published online https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16908308

ePub PDF

Abstract

Cancer is among the deadliest diseases afflicting humanity. At present, there exists no successful therapy. Breast cancer is among the most common kinds of cancer. In 2020, the National Breast Cancer Foundation projected that approximately 276,000 fresh patients of invasive breast cancer and 48,000 fresh patients of non-invasive breast cancer were diagnosed in the USA. The patients have a 99% survival rate, as 64% of these cases are detected in initial stage of the disease. Artificial intelligence (AI) has been utilized to detect deadly diseases, which has enhanced the patient likelihood of survival by enabling early diagnosis and treatment. This research presented convolutional neural network (CNN) for the diagnosis of breast cancer disease automatically. The analysis has been carried out on a real-time invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) dataset available at Kaggle. The dataset is preprocessed before being fed to CNN. The images is normalized to achieve a better accuracy. The developed model has an accuracy of 90% that is improved by 3% from the previous research paper. Different performances metrics are graphically represented in result section to analyze the model efficiency.

Author

Hussain Ahmad, Muhammad Zeb, Khalil-ur-Rahman

Cite

Hussain Ahmad, Muhammad Zeb, Khalil-ur-Rahman“An Intelligent Model for Detection of Breast Cancer based on Convolutional Neura, Vol. 12, Issue 08, PP. 170-174, August 2025. https:// doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16908308.,

References

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[2] A. S. Sakr, "Automatic Detection of Various Types of Lung Cancer Based on Histopathological Images Using a Lightweight End-to-End CNN Approach," in 2022 20th International Conference on Language Engineering (ESOLEC), 2022, vol. 20: IEEE, pp. 141-146.

[3] N. A. Abujabal and A. B. Nassif, "Meta-heuristic algorithms-based feature selection for breast cancer diagnosis: A systematic review," in 2022 International Conference on Electrical, Computer, Communications and Mechatronics Engineering (ICECCME), 2022: IEEE, pp. 1-6.

[4] X. Zhou et al., "A comprehensive review for breast histopathology image analysis using classical and deep neural networks," IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 90931-90956, 2020.

[5] D. H. Sutanto and M. Abd Ghani, "A Benchmark Feature Selection Framework for Non Communicable Disease Prediction Model," Advanced Science Letters, vol. 21, no. 10, pp. 3409-3416, 2015

[6] R. Gautam, P. Kaur, and M. Sharma, "A comprehensive review on nature inspired computing algorithms for the diagnosis of chronic disorders in human beings," Progress in Artificial Intelligence, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 401-424, 2019

[7] M. Mahmood, B. Al-Khateeb, and W. M. Alwash, "A review on neural networks approach on classifying cancers," IAES International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, vol. 9, no. 2, p. 317, 2020.

[8] N. Fatima, L. Liu, S. Hong, and H. Ahmed, "Prediction of breast cancer, comparative review of machine learning techniques, and their analysis," IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 150360-150376, 2020.

[9] R. Kaur, H. GholamHosseini, R. Sinha, and M. Lindén, "Melanoma classification using a novel deep convolutional neural network with dermoscopic images," Sensors, vol. 22, no. 3, p. 1134, 2022.

[10] I. Elansary, A. Ismail, and W. Awad, "Efficient classification model for melanoma based on convolutional neural networks," in Medical Informatics and Bioimaging Using Artificial Intelligence: Challenges, Issues, Innovations and Recent Developments: Springer, 2021, pp. 15-27

Geo-Polymerization of Marble Sludge: A Way Forward for its Eco-friendly Utilization

Vol. 12, Issue 08, PP. 150-169, August 2025

Published online https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16758040

ePub PDF

Abstract

Pakistan boasts abundant marble reserves, primarily concentrated in provinces like Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Baluchistan. The extraction of marble blocks in these regions leads to the generation of marble sludge, comprising water and marble powder, which presents significant environmental challenges by contaminating water bodies, infiltrating groundwater, and posing health risks due to airborne particles. Given the pressing climate situation, it is imperative to address these concerns. To mitigate the environmental impact, we propose the application of a geo-polymerization technique. This method leverages marble powder, fly ash, and blast furnace slag to substitute cement in concrete production. Various mixtures were prepared, utilizing different proportions of these components and diverse liquid media. Particularly noteworthy was the use of a Na2SiO3-8M NaOH solution, which yielded concrete samples with significantly higher compressive strength compared to other media. Upon analyzing the results, it has been concluded that replacing 50% of cement with a combination of 25% marble powder and 25% fly ash, using this solution, resulted in an impressive 143% increase in strength compared to standard concrete (M20 grade) and other geo-polymer concretes. This innovative approach not only mitigates the environmental impact of marble sludge but also contributes to a circular economy by producing high-strength geo-polymer concrete suitable for a wide range of applications.

Author

Muhammad Irshad, Salim Raza, Zahid Ur Rehman, Sajjad Hussain, Ishaq Ahmad, Saira Sherin

Cite

Muhammad Irshad, Salim Raza, Zahid Ur Rehman, Sajjad Hussain, Ishaq Ahmad, Saira Sherin “Geo-Polymerization of Marble Sludge: A Way Forward for its Eco-friendly Utilization, Vol. 12, Issue 08, PP. 151-169, August 2025. https:// doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16758040.,

References

ACI, 211. (2002). Standard Practice for Selecting Proportions for Normal , Heavyweight , and Mass Concrete ( ACI 211 . 1-91 ). (Reapproved), 1–38.
Albitar, M., Mohamed Ali, M. S., Visintin, P., & Drechsler, M. (2017). Durability evaluation of geopolymer and conventional concretes. Construction and Building Materials, 136, 374–385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.01.056
Almeida, N., Branco, F., & Santos, J. R. (2007). Recycling of stone slurry in industrial activities: Application to concrete mixtures. Building and Environment, 42(2), 810–819. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2005.09.018
Alyamaç, K. E., & Ince, R. (2009). A preliminary concrete mix design for SCC with marble powders. Construction and Building Materials, 23(3), 1201–1210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2008.08.012
ASTM C39. (2001). Astm C39/C39M. Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens, 04(March), 1–5.
Babu, N. V., Rahul, B. ., & Kumar, Y. H. (2020). Experimental study on strength and durability properties of iron scrap with flyash based concrete. Materials Today: Proceedings, 37(Part 2), 1041–1045. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.06.290
Castillo, H., Collado, H., Droguett, T., Sánchez, S., Vesely, M., Garrido, P., & Palma, S. (2021). Factors affecting the compressive strength of geopolymers: A review. Minerals, 11(12), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.3390/min11121317
Cheng, T. W., Ding, Y. C., Lee, W. H., & Lu, P. (2017). A Study on Marble - Based Geopolymer. 01004, 1–7.
Duxson, P., Fernández-Jiménez, A., Provis, J. L., Lukey, G. C., Palomo, A., & Van Deventer, J. S. J. (2007). Geopolymer technology: The current state of the art. Journal of Materials Science, 42(9), 2917–2933. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-006-0637-z
Faridmehr, I., Nehdi, M. L., Huseien, G. F., Baghban, M. H., Sam, A. R. M., & Algaifi, H. A. (2021). Experimental and informational modeling study of sustainable self-compacting geopolymer concrete. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(13). https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137444
Junaid Feroz, M., & Uroos, A. (2021). STUDY REPORT ON MARBLE AND GRANITE. Retrieved from Report
Kaya, M., Koksal, F., Baryam, M., Nodehi, M., Gencel, O., & Ozbakkaloglu, T. (2022). Structural Concrete - 2022 - Kaya - The effect of marble powder on physico‐mechanical and microstructural properties of.pdf (p. 20). p. 20.
Khale, D., & Chaudhary, R. (2007). Mechanism of geopolymerization and factors influencing its development: A review. Journal of Materials Science, 42(3), 729–746. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-006-0401-4
Kumar, S. R. (2015). STUDY OF PROPERTIES OF GEOPOLYMER ECO BRICKS A PROJECT REPORT Submitted by MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY. Open Journal of Civil Engineering, 5(MAY), 139–148. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/9454303/Study_of_properties_
Kumbhar, S., Patil, M., & Patil, D. (2016). Green Concrete by using Industrial Waste Material- fly ash , quarry dust , marble powder. 2(March), 40–45.
Lopes, A. V, Lopes, S. M. R., & Pinto, I. (2020). Influence of the Composition of the Activator on Mechanical Characteristics of a Geopolymer. Applied Sciences, 10(10), 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10093349
Muhammad, M., Khan, A., Shahid, M., & Khan, L. (2010). Trade Development Authority of Pakistan Report on Potential Markets of RICE. 1–31.
Neelab, Ullah, S., Faiz, P., Rashid, S., Rahim, K., Akbar, F., … Hussain, Z. (2022). Effects of Marble Industry Effluents on Soil Quality, Growth and Productivity of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) in District Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 31(4), 3263–3270. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/144659
Parthiban, D., Vijayan, D. S., Sanjay Kumar, R., Santhu, A. P., Cherian, G. A., & Ashiq, M. (2020). Performance evaluation of Fly ash based GPC with partial replacement of RHA as a cementitious material. Materials Today: Proceedings, 33(xxxx), 550–Solouki, A., Viscomi, G., Lamperti, R., & Tataranni, P. (2020, July 1). Quarry waste as precursors in geopolymers for civil engineering applications: A decade in review. Materials, Vol. 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13143146
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Tammam, Y., Uysal, M., & Canpolat, O. (2022). Effects of alternative ecological fillers on the mechanical, durability, and microstructure of fly ash-based geopolymer mortar. European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering, 26(12), 5877–5900. https://doi.org/10.1080/19648189.2021.1925157
Tugrul Tunc, E. (2019, February 1). Recycling of marble waste: A review based on strength of concrete containing marble waste. Journal of Environmental Management, Vol. 231, pp. 86–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.10.034
Wardhono, A., Law, D. W., & Strano, A. (2015). The strength of alkali-activated slag/fly ash mortar blends at ambient temperature. Procedia Engineering, 125, 650–656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.11.095

Reliability Assessment of Production Machines at a Local Industry

Vol. 12, Issue 08, PP. 132-150, August 2025

Published online https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16743625

ePub PDF

Abstract

OEE offers an effective framework to monitor and enhance equipment performance. This metric integrates three key components: availability, performance, and quality, which together provide a detailed insight into the operational effectiveness of machinery. The method used in this study is arithmetic calculation of overall equipment efficiency (Availability, Performance and Quality).The results of a thorough data-driven approach offer paper sack makers practical suggestions to boost output, cut waste, and improve long-term equipment dependability, all of which contribute to more sustainable. The current OEE of Thal Packaging calculated was 58%.The downtime for the January 2023 was 6108 minutes. The vital few causes of Thal Packaging downtime was equipment failure, Tube shortage, Paper shortage, Power shutdown and Machine Idleness.

Author

Muhammad Attique, Imran Ahmad

Cite

Muhammad Attique, Imran Ahmad “Reliability Assessment of Production Machines at a Local Industry” International Journal of Engineering Works, Vol. 12, Issue 08, PP. 132-150, August 2025. https:// doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16743625.

References

Friederich, Jonas & Lazarova-Molnar, Sanja. (2024). Reliability assessment of manufacturing systems: A comprehensive overview, challenges and opportunities. Journal of Manufacturing Systems. 72. 38-58. 10.1016/j.jmsy.2023.11.001.
https://www.ibm.com/think/topics/mtbf
https://www.ibm.com/think/topics/mttr
Kapuyanyika, M., & Suthar, K. (2018). To improve the overal equipment effectiveness of wheel surface machining plant of railway using total productive maintenance.
M. Braglia, M. Frosolini and F. Zammori. (2008). Overall equipment effectiveness of a manufacturing line (OEEML): an integrated approach to access systems performance. Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management. 20(1), pp. 8-29.
Dahab, A., Backar, S., & Abdulwahed Younes, M. (2023). Overall Equipment Efficiency Improvement through a Lean Approach in SME: A Case Study. International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa, 65, 117–129. https://doi.org/10.4028/p-1zhmxc
Azizi, A. (2015). Evaluation Improvement of Production Productivity Performance using Statistical Process Control, Overall Equipment Efficiency, and Autonomous Maintenance. Procedia Manufacturing, 2, 186–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2015.07.032
Jauregui Becker, J. M., Borst, J., & Van Der Veen, A. (2015). Improving the overall equipment effectiveness in high-mix-low-volume manufacturing environments. CIRP Annals, 64(1), 419–422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cirp.2015.04.126
Mwanza, B. G., & Mbohwa, C. (2015). Design of a Total Productive Maintenance Model for Effective Implementation: Case Study of a Chemical Manufacturing Company. Procedia Manufacturing, 4, 461–470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2015.11.063
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Enhancing Sybil Attack Detection and Prevention in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks through a Hybrid Model

Vol. 12, Issue 08, PP. 126-131, August 2025

Published online https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16741992

ePub PDF

Abstract

Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) face significant security challenges, particularly Sybil attacks that compromise node authentication and data integrity. This research proposes a hybrid Sybil attack detection model that integrates blockchain technology with anomaly-based detection to ensure secure communication among legitimate nodes. Blockchain provides a tamper-resistant ledger for transaction validation, while the anomaly detection mechanism flags suspicious behavior based on communication patterns. The proposed model was simulated in MATLAB and evaluated against key performance metrics—Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), Throughput, Energy Consumption, and End-to-End Delay. Results show a notable improvement over baseline and existing models, achieving higher PDR and throughput, and reduced delay and energy usage, validating the model’s effectiveness in enhancing UWSN security.

Author

Irfan Ullah

Cite

Irfan Ullah “Enhancing Sybil Attack Detection and Prevention in Underwater Wireless Sensor Network, Vol. 12, Issue 08, PP. 126-131, August 2025. https:// doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16741992., , , , ,

References

Taher, Kazi Abu. "A novel authentication mechanism for securing underwater wireless sensors from sybil attack." 2021 5th International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Information Communication Technology (ICEEICT). IEEE, 2021.

[2] Xiao, Xingxing, Haining Huang, and Wei Wang. "Underwater wireless sensor networks: An energy-efficient clustering routing protocol based on data fusion and genetic algorithms." Applied Sciences 11.1 (2020): 312.

[3] Mhemed, Rogaia, et al. "Void avoidance opportunistic routing protocol for underwater wireless sensor networks." Sensors 21.6 (2021): 1942.

[4] Khisa, Shreya, and Sangman Moh. "Survey on recent advancements in energy-efficient routing protocols for underwater wireless sensor networks." IEEE Access 9 (2021): 55045-55062.

[5] Zhao, Danfeng, et al. "Cross-layer-aided opportunistic routing for sparse underwater wireless sensor networks." Sensors 21.9 (2021): 3205.

[6] Du, Xinxin, et al. "Energy-efficient sensory data gathering based on compressed sensing in IoT networks." Journal of Cloud Computing 9 (2020): 1-16.

[7] Yang, Yi, Weishu Zhao, and Xiang Xiao. "The upper temperature limit of life under high hydrostatic pressure in the deep biosphere." Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 176 (2021): 103604.

[8] Yang, Guang, et al. "Challenges and security issues in underwater wireless sensor networks." Procedia Computer Science 147 (2019): 210-216.

[10] Nithiyanandam, N., and Latha Parthiban. "An efficient voting based method to detect sink hole in wireless acoustic sensor networks." International Journal of Speech Technology 23.2 (2020): 343-354.

Energy Efficiency in Pakistan Industrial Sector: An analysis of Key Barriers

Vol. 12, Issue 06, PP. 117-125, June 2025

Published online https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.25.1206117125

ePub PDF

Abstract

The prevalent energy crisis in Pakistan has affected people and systems in every aspect of the life for the past decade, impacting the economic growth the most of all. The main driver of this slump in economic growth has been the inefficient utilization of the energy resources, further exacerbated by the blunders in decision-making and policy formulation in the uppermost echelons of the country. Energy conservation and efficiency is extensively used to cope with energy crisis that the current world is facing as a powerful tool for addressing the global energy situation. There are different methods of energy efficiency management that can bring positive change i.e. reduce cost at different levels if executed correctly such as increasing energy security or by carrying out different measures to reduce carbon emissions to environment etc. Despite the fact that different energy efficiency management systems are gaining attention in the developed countries, their adoption in underdeveloped countries remains limited, particularly in Pakistan. Pakistan is now experiencing energy crisis, which entails a slew of complicated issues, all of which may be rectified by implementing an energy efficiency management system, if applied to the energy-intensive economy. This research was conducted to explore the different barriers to implementing Energy Management System in different industries across Pakistan. This research is relies on data collected through detailed questionnaire from the industries that participated in an incentive program funded by UNIDO for conducting free energy audits. 20 industries participated in the study. Regression and Pearson correlation analysis are used to study how different parameters create barriers to implementing Energy Management System in industries in Pakistan.

Author

Jawad Ahmad, Ahmer Ali, Sheraz Khan

Cite

Jawad Ahmad, Ahmer Ali, Sheraz Khan, “Energy Efficiency in Pakistan Industrial Sector: An analysis of Key Barriers” International J, Vol. 12, Issue 06, PP. 117-125, May 2025. https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.25.1206117125., ,

References

[1] Hye, Q.M.; Riaz, S. Causality between Energy Consumption and Economic Growth: The Case of Pakistan.

Lahore J. Econ. 2008, 13, 45–58.

[2] Ahmed, M.; Azam, M. Causal nexus between energy consumption and economic growth for high, middle and low income countries using frequency domain analysis. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2016, 60, 653–678.

[3] Siddiqui, R.; Jalil, H.H.; Nasir, M.; Malik, W.S.; Khalid, M. The Cost of Unserved Energy: Evidence from Selected Industrial Cities of Pakistan. Pakistan Dev. Rev. 2008, 47, 227–246.

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Decoupling Aerodynamic and Physical Parameters for Enhanced Flow Control in Rotating Wing Dynamic Stall

Vol. 12, Issue 05, PP. 105-116, May 2025

Published online https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.25.1205105116

ePub PDF

Abstract

This work outlines a specific approach to the isolation of aerodynamic and physical factors towards enhancing flow control in the dynamic stall of rotating wings, a concern in rotor craft, wind turbines and UAVs. Employing a combination of CFD and ML, this research work focuses uniquely on aerodynamics of the aircraft by eliminating the impact of physical parameters like angular velocity, pitch rate, and angle of attack from lift, drag, and pressure distribution. This way, the research offers a finer view of the physical processes involved in vortex shedding, boundary layer development, and stall inception, which are critical to predicting and mitigating stall phenomena. The ML component uses data from CFD simulations to control parameters and provide real-time reaction to the aerodynamic changes. The results of this study show that, if these decoupled parameters are adjusted separately, one can control the stall onset and achieve up to 20% delay in lift hysteresis and control the flow stability across a broad range of operating points. This decoupling concept enables the accurate application of adjustment actions like adaptive pitch control and optimized rotation rates to the corresponding aerodynamic and physical conditions. The proposed approach provides a realistic solution for improving energy efficiency and operational reliability in the RWs subjected to high dynamic loads. This work not only contributes to the knowledge of dynamic stall phenomena in rotating wings but also opens the way to develop more robust and effective flow control strategies in aerospace and renewable energy applications.

Author

Faizan Ijaz Wang Bo Qijun Zhao

Cite

Faizan Ijaz, Wang Bo, Zhao Qijun “Decoupling Aerodynamic and Physical Parameters for Enhanced Flow Control in Rotating , Vol. 12, Issue 05, PP. 105-116, May 2025. https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.25.1205105116.,

References

[1] G Baldan and A Guardone. A deep neural network reduced order model for unsteady aerodynamics of pitching airfoils. Aerospace Science and Technology, 152:109345, 2024.

[2] G Baldan, F Manara, G Frassoldati, and A Guardone. The effects of turbulence modeling on dynamic stall, 2024. Available at: http://arxiv.org/abs/2404.14172.

[3] G Bangga, T Lutz, and M Arnold. An improved second-order dynamic stall model for wind turbine airfoils. Wind Energy Science, 5(3):1037–1058, 2020.

[4] P Broadley, MRA Nabawy, MK Quinn, and WJ Crowther. Dynamic experimental rigs for investigation of insect wing aerodynamics. Journal of the Royal Society Interface, 19(191):20210909, 2022.

[5] G. A. Flore and B. R. Noack. Flow control in wings and discovery of novel approaches via deep reinforcement learning. Fluids, 7(2), 2022.

[6] MA Garcia Teran, E Olguin-Diaz, A Flores-Abad, and M Nandayapa. Experimental validation of an aerodynamic sectional modeling approach in fixed-wing unmanned aerial vehicles. IEEE Access, 6:74190–74203, 2018.

[7] A Gardner, A Jones, K Mulleners, J Naughton, and M Smith. Review of rotating wing dynamic stall: Experiments and flow control. Progress in Aerospace Sciences, 137:100887, 2023.

[8] AD Gardner and K Richter. Influence of rotation on dynamic stall. Journal of the American Helicopter Society, 58(3), 2013.

[9] S Ho, H Nassef, N Pornsinsirirak, YC Tai, and CM Ho. Unsteady aerodynamics and flow control for flapping wing flyers. Progress in Aerospace Sciences, 39(8):635–681, 2003.

[10] HR Kim, JA Printezis, JD Ahrens, JR Seume, and L Wein. Characterization of dynamic stall on large wind turbines. pages 1–20, 2024. Available from April.

[11] X Li and L-H Feng. Critical indicators of dynamic stall vortex. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 937:A16, 2022.

[12] Scheuer L. Kopel Y. Basescu M. Polevoy A. Wolfe K. Perrotta, G. and J. Moore. Planning and control for a dynamic morphing-wing uav using a vortex particle model. arXiv preprint, 2023.

[13] V Raghav and N Komerath. Dynamic stall life cycle on a rotating blade in steady forward flight. Journal of the American Helicopter Society, 60(3), 2015.

[14] V Raul and L Leifsson. Multifidelity aerodynamic shape optimization for mitigating dynamic stall using cokriging regression-based infill. Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization, 66(11):237, 2023.

[15] Y Ruan and M Hajek. Numerical investigation of dynamic stall on a single rotating blade. Aerospace, 8:90, 2021.

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Future Prospect & Challenges on Cu/Ni Metallization Techniques in Photovoltaic Cells

Vol. 12, Issue 05, PP. 91-104, May 2025

Published online https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.25.120591104

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Abstract

A key component of achieving higher efficiency is improving the process of metalizing silicon solar cells. Due to its simplicity and speed, contact realization by screen printing is now the most popular technology in the silicon-based photovoltaic sector. The issue with this type of metallization is that it has a higher contact resistance and a smaller aspect ratio, which restricts the efficiency of solar cells. Silicon solar cell producers are encouraged to develop new metallization techniques that use less silver and do not rely on the pressing process of screen printing due to the rising cost of silver pastes and decreasing silicon wafer thicknesses. Recently, a metallization technique that might address these problems is nickel/copper (Ni/Cu) based metal plating. In this review, we will describe the progress of electroplating techniques, mainly for the deposition of nickel/copper by laser deposition for nickel and the light-induced copper plating process. The metallization of the front-side silicon solar cells using a copper stack system is integral to achieving superior efficiency. The formation of a Ni seed layer by applying laser-assisted deposition has the advantage of using a single step for opening the ARC and the seed layer formation. Cu conducting layer using a light-induced plating (LIP) as the primary stack system, after applying a nickel seed layer to stop copper from diffusing into silicon, we also check tin as a top layer stack to protect it from oxidation. Moreover, we finally addressed the future advanced challenges and the issue of copper diffusion, background plating, and cost reductions.

Author

M. Tukur Ahmed, He Longbing, Shaikh Sabieh

Cite

M. Tukur Ahmed, He Longbing, Shaikh Sabieh “Future Prospect & Challenges on Cu/Ni Metallization Techniques in Photovoltaic Cel, Vol. 12, Issue 05, PP. 91-104, May 2025. https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.25.120591104.,

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Brain Tumor Segmentation via Efficient Thresholding and Binary K-Means Integration

Vol. 12, Issue 09, PP. 175-182, September 2025

Published online https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17054880

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Abstract

Author

Muhammad Saad

Cite

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An Intelligent Model for Detection of Breast Cancer based on Convolutional Neural Network

Vol. 12, Issue 08, PP. 170-174, August 2025

Published online https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16908308

ePub PDF

Abstract

Author

Hussain Ahmad, Muhammad Zeb, Khalil-ur-Rahman

Cite

References

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Geo-Polymerization of Marble Sludge: A Way Forward for its Eco-friendly Utilization

Vol. 12, Issue 08, PP. 150-169, August 2025

Published online https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16758040

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Abstract

Author

Muhammad Irshad, Salim Raza, Zahid Ur Rehman, Sajjad Hussain, Ishaq Ahmad, Saira Sherin

Cite

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Reliability Assessment of Production Machines at a Local Industry

Vol. 12, Issue 08, PP. 132-150, August 2025

Published online https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16743625

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Abstract

Author

Muhammad Attique, Imran Ahmad

Cite

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